Kein Folientitel

1
What do kids want to learn about volcanoes ?
2

• What should kids know about volcanoes ?
• Causes the origin of magmas
• Eruption processes explosive or quiet lava
  flows
• Hazards blasts, glowing avalanches, mud
  flows, ash fall
• Short-term predictions gases, deformation,
  earthquakes
• Long-term predictions need to understand the
  volcanoes mood and behaviour
• The geo-science project
• Crystals that grow in magmas record the history
  of the volcano and its feeding the magma chamber
  right to the moment of eruption ......
• What can we learn from this archive in order to
  better understand the cause of volcanic eruptions
  and to estimate the hazards involved

3
The workings of the project Field evidence
Types of volcanoes and types of volcanic
eruptions and their deposits Experiment
How does volcanic ash flow ? Sampling Which
rocks samples do I need to study volconoes
? Laboratory Methods, measurements and
interpretation Results for kids VOLKIDs A
science-based, interactive computer model of
volcanoes and their deep roots
4
(No Transcript)
5
Volcano in town !
6
How does a volcano work ??
7
(No Transcript)
8
The magma chamber fills up
9
Slow cooling of the magma leads to slow
crystallization
10
Further cooling and crystallization results
higher gas-pressure in the chamber,the first gas
bubbles form
11
(No Transcript)
12
Crystals sink, gas bubbles rise, the gas pressure
increases
13
and .......
..... Gas overpressure breaks the rocks and
drives the eruption
14
or .......
new magma recharges the chamber, mixes with old
magma and overpressure leads to eruption
15
or .......
the volcano grows too big and steep, a flank
collapse occurs and exposes the roof of the magma
chamber. This results in a gigantic blast
16
Hawaiian and strombolian eruptions are
spectacular, but generally not dangerous
17
By contrast, plinian eruptions are highly
explosive and very dangerous Plinian eruptionss
may reach the stratosphere, causing global
climate effects Pumice and ash fall from
eruption clouds and cover vast regions Collapse
of the eruption column causes up to 600C hot
glowing avalanches Large quantities of ash and
pumice are washed down into valleys, resulting in
destructive mud flows (Pinatubo, Mt. St. Helens,
Vesuv, Nevado del Ruiz)
1 cm
18
The catastrophic eruption of Vesuvius 79 years
A.D. was preceded for months by strong precursor
earthquakes.....
... What kind of warnings will announce the next
big eruption, what do we need to know to
interpret these warnings correctly??
19
This contribution has three components 1)
Documentation of a scientific project
(ERUPT European Research on Understanding
Processes and Timescales in magma
systems) Fieldwork and Laboratory
analyses 2) VOLKIDs an interactive volcano
model for kids 3) Laboratory courses
I. Experimental volcanology
simulations of volcanic glowing avalanches in
the field and laboratory II.
Volcanoes, melts and satellites volcanic
geology from space electron microprobe imaging
and analysis of fine volcanic ash and
experimental melting of rocks,
20
Stromboli
Teide/Tenerife
Vesuvius
ERUPT European Research on Understanding
Processes and Timescales in magma systems
(current EU-Network-Project)
How long does magma accumulate below a volcano
before it erupts? What exactly is going on in a
magma chamber just prior to eruption?? How old
are the crystals and what do they record? How can
we use such information to better estimate
volcanic hazards?
21
Sampling in the field Which eruption does this
layer belong to ? How was this layer deposited
? When did that happen ? What kind of eruption
was it ? When and how will it happen again ?
22
Pumice the product of violent, gas-rich plinian
eruptions
1 cm
23
Crystals that grow prior to eruption
24
Tree-rings record the conditions when the tree
was growing.....
1 cm
25
...... Crystals grow during cooling from a
magma and thus their growth-rings record what
happened in the magma chamber prior to eruption !!
26
What is the age of these crystals .... ? Very
complicated chemistry and measurements of the
products of radioctive decay allows precise age
estimates of magmas and crystals
230Th/232Th) Aktivitätsverhältnis
27

• The interactive volcano model for kids (VOLKID)
• INPUT
• - Magma chamber (Depth, Volume,
  Temperature)
• Magma recharge (how often, how much, how hot ??)
• Conduit parameters (open, blocked, ring fracture,
  central vent)
• Climate (i.e. where is the volcano located ?)
• OUTPUT (as data and animations)
• - Volume, temperature and composition of lava
• (basaltic and liquid or chemically
  differentiated, gas rich and viscous)
• - Eruptions of variable frequency and style
• - continuous growth of the volcano, ..... or
  .....
• - continuous erosion, or....... episodic flank
  collapse

28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
Deer Prof. Wörner I have really enjoyed the
film from Michelle
32
The End