Diapositiva 1

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The impact of organized crime on development,
economics and human rights Sandro CalvaniUNICRI
Diretor
International University College of Turin 29 June
2009
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Table of contents

• Definition of crime
• Global public goods
• Security and development
• Crime and economics
• Two collective security challenges -
  transnational organized crime - terrorism
• Transnational organized crime

• Obstacles for the international
  community
• Terrorism
• Trafficking in weapons and in
  human beings
• International instruments
• UN Convention against Transnational
  Organized Crime
• Conclusions

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Definition of crime

• An act (of commission and omission) violating a
  law, hence deemed illegal, to which the judicial
  system attributes a penalty.
• Current impact of crime
• What impact does crime have nowadays on the
  complex interconnections between economics,
  development and rights?

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Global public goods

• Security
• Development
• Economy
• Human rights

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Security and development are interdependent

• Crimes against natural or cultural heritage can
  discourage foreign investment
• Illegally exploiting natural resources of
  countries that are experiencing war or that are
  in the process of developing can seriously
  hinder reconstruction efforts.
• Corruption as an obstacles to increasing wealth
  poses severe limitations on development.

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Raising interconnections between organized crime
and economic crimesSpeculative manoeuvres
concerning goods in the economic and financial
realmBuilding without planning permissions and
illicit waste traffickingCounterfeiting
(technology, software, banknotes,
pharmaceuticals, cars, cigarettes,
watches)Abuse of public powers (corruption,
extortion, embezzlement)
Crime and Economics
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Collective security two main challenges

• Transnational organized crime
• Terrorism

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Globalization of economy andtransnationality of
crime
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Transnational organized crime

• A direct threat
• to States
• and to human security

Among the main transnational criminal activities
drug trafficking worth 300-500
billion (as much as some countries GDP)
contributes to the alarming spread of
HIV/AIDS revenues from opium industry
finance terrorist groups (i.e. Afghanistan)
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Emerging crimes as a threat to a development,
economics and human rights
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Emerging crimes
Crime Bln. 1. Marijuana
141.8 2. Counterfeit Technology
100 3. Cocaine 70.45 4. Opium/Heroin
64.82 5. Web Video Piracy 60 6. Smuggled
Cigarettes 50 7. Software Piracy 47.8
8. Counterfeit Pharm. Drugs 40 9. Human
Trafficking 32 10. Amphetamines
28.25 11. Animals smuggling 20 12. Movie
Piracy 18.2 13. Illegal Fishing
16.5 14. Ecstasy 16.07 15. Illegal Logging
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Crime Bln. 16. Counterfeit Auto Parts
12 17. Trash Smuggling 11 18. Human
Smuggling 10 19. Arms Trafficking 10 20. Art
Smuggling 10 21. Counterfeit Clothes 8.24 22.
Gas and Oil Smuggling 6.2 23. Music
Piracy 4.5 24. Counterfeit Cigarettes 4 25.
Pirated Mobile Phone Entert 3.4 26. Counterfeit
Cosmetics 3.0 27. Video Game Piracy 3.0 28.
Counterfeit Airline Parts 2.0 29. Cable
Piracy 1.54 30. International Adoptions 1.3
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Emerging crimes
Crime Mln. 31. Counterfeit
Shoes 920 32. Counterfeit Watches 655 33.
Counterfeit pesticides 650 34. Book
Piracy 600 35. Counterfeit Sports Mem.
500 36. Kidnap and Ransom 500 37. Counterfeit
Alcohol 300 38. Diamond Smuggling 280 39.
Counterfeit Toys 131
Crime Mln. 40. Counterfeit Cuban
Cigars 100 41. Nuclear Smuggling 100 42.
Counterfeit Purses 70 43. Counterfeit
Dollars 61 44. Organ Trafficking 50 45.
Counterfeit Lighters 42 46. Counterfeit
Batteries 23 47. Human Tissue and Parts 6 48.
Counterfeit Money Orders 3.7
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Obstacles for the international community
1) Insufficient cooperation between States 2)
Weak coordination between international
agencies 3) Inadequate efforts of many countries
Also complicated by structural and organizational
changes from formal hierarchies to fluid
networks
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Terrorism

• Threatens the core values of the United Nations
  Charter
• respect for human rights
• rule of law
• humanitarian law protecting civilians
• tolerance between peoples and nations
• peaceful resolution of conflicts

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Terrorism thrives in contexts of

• regional conflict
• foreign occupation
• State failure

• despair
• humiliation
• poverty
• political oppression
• extremism
• human rights abuses

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New factors heightening the threat of terrorism
Armed non-governmental networks with global
outreach and sophisticated capacities (i.e.
Al-Qaeda)
Mass-casualtyattacks
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Trafficking in weapons and violence in war-torn
countries.Human trafficking and the
difficulties in distinguishing illegal phenomena
within migration movements.International
instruments and the search for a common
international definition of terrorism and
victims protection.
Trafficking
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Arms trafficking

• 10 billion - illegal arms trafficking
• 1-4 billion - illegal trade in small weapons
• 2 million people involved in illicit arms
  trafficking
• 2000 U.S. weapons smuggled into Mexico by drug
  traffickers daily
• 140.000 illegally smuggled weapons in Kenya
• 1 million lost/stolen light weapons end up on the
  black market
• 60 of the arms illegally trafficked originate
  from a legal transaction

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Human trafficking and distinguishing illegal
phenomena in migrations

• Trafficking in persons
• coercion (without victims consent)
• exploitation (for labour or sexual purposes)
• may be transnational or internal
• Smuggling in persons
• consensual
• cross-border
• ends with arrival at destination

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Human trafficking

• 2.7 million victims a year
• 80 of the victims are women
• 50 of the victims are minor
• 9.5 billion turnover a year

Fonte Vienna Forum To Fight Human Trafficking,
Feb 2008 TIP report 2007
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International instruments

• 1945 United Nations Charter
• 1948 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• 1951 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
  of the Crime of Genocide
• 1966 The UN International Covenant on Civil and
  Political
• Rights
• 1969 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
  of Racial Discrimination
• 1976 The UN International Covenant on Economic,
  Social and Cultural Rights
• 1981 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
  of Discrimination Against Women
• 1984 UN Convention Against Torture
• 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child
• 2002 Rome Stature on the International Criminal
  Court

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• International instruments
• The United Nations Convention againstTransnationa
  l Organized Crime
• (Palermo-2000)
• Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
  Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and
  Children, supplementing the United Nations
  Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
• Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by
  Land, Air and Sea, supplementing the United
  Nations Convention against Transnational
  Organized Crime
• Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and
  Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and
  Components and Ammunition, supplementing the
  United Nations Convention against Transnational
  Organized Crime

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- To contrast organized crime, must address
the transnational dimension- Need COOPERATION
Conclusions
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www.unicri.it
Thank you for your attention

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