Anatomy

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Anatomy Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy the study of the structure and shape of
  the body and body parts and their relationship to
  one another
• Physiology the study of how the body and its
  parts work or function

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Levels of Structural Organization

• Atoms ? Molecules ?Cells (the smallest unit of
  all living things)
• ?Tissues (a group of similar cells that have a
  common purpose)
• ?Organ (a structure that is composed of two or
  more tissue types and perform a specific function
  for the body)
• ?Organ System
• ?Organism

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4 Tissue Types
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Systems of the Human Body
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Maintaining Life Characteristics of Living
Things

• Maintaining boundaries
• Movement
• Responsiveness
• Digestion Metabolism
• Excretion
• Reproduction
• Growth

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Survival Needs

• Nutrients
• Oxygen
• Water
• Body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure

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Homeostasis

• The bodys ability to maintain relatively stable
  internal conditions even though the outside world
  is continuously changing.

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Iron-Man Triathlon (Swim 2.4 , Bike 112, Run
26.2)
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Homeostatic Control Mechanism

• Negative Feedback
• The net effect of the response to the stimulus is
  to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its
  intensity
• Body temperature, regulate heart rate, blood
  pressure, blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon
  dioxide and minerals
• Positive Feedback
• The tendency to increase the original disturbance
• Rare in the body
• Unstable. (ex.) Birth of a baby, blood clotting
  

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Negative Feedback Mechanism

• Blood pressure has increased.
• Receptors in the carotid arteries detect the
  change in blood pressure and send a message to
  the brain.
• The brain will cause the heart to beat slower and
  thus decrease the blood pressure.
• Decreasing heart rate has a negative effect on
  blood pressure.

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Anatomical Position

• Need initial reference point
• Anatomical position standing up/facing forward
  w/palms up

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Directional Terms Practice

• The wrist is ______ to the hand.
• The breastbone is _____ to the spine.
• The brain is ______ to the spinal cord.
• The lungs are _____ to the stomach.
• The thumb is _____ to the fingers.

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Language of AnatomyDirectional Terms, Planes and
Sections, Regional Terms Body Cavities
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Planes and Sections

• Used to describe location of parts when imaginary
  or real cuts are sliced through the body.
• Used in CT scans and MRIs

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MRI magnetic resonance spectroscopy
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CT computerized tomography
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Body Cavities
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Body Cavities and Quadrants

• Abdominopelvic Region contains almost all major
  body organs
• Clinicians divide it into 4 quadrants (not as
  detailed as referring to it in sections) RUQ,
  LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
• Divided into 9 sections
• R and L Hypochondriac
• Epigastric
• R and L Lumbar
• Umbilical
• R and L Inguinal and Hypogastric

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The Chemistry of Life

• Common elements making up the human body
• Major (96.1) Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen,
  Nitrogen
• Lesser (3.9) Calcium, phosphorus, potassium,
  sulfur, sodium, chlorine, Magnesium, Iodine, Iron
• Trace (0.01) Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, etc

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Organic Molecules of Life

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Enzymes
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• DNA, RNA

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CELLS
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Animal Cell
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Plasma Membrane
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Cellular Transport

• Passive Transport
• No cellular energy required
• Osmosis. Diffusion. Facilitated Diffusion

• Active Transport
• Requires cellular energy (ATP)
• Solute pumps
• Bulk Transport (exocytosis, endocytosis)

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