?????????? CnH2n 2 ??? n ???????????????? 1, 2, 3 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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?????????? CnH2n 2 ??? n ???????????????? 1, 2, 3

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??????????????????. ????????????????????????????. ?????????? CnH2n 2 ... q = dihedral angle. ??????????????? C-H ??? C ???????????? C ?????????. 403221-alkane ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Tags: cnh2n | dihedral | isomer

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Title: ?????????? CnH2n 2 ??? n ???????????????? 1, 2, 3


1
403221 ????????????????????????????????
  • ??. ??. ??????? ???????
  • ??????????? ??????????????
  • ??????????????????????

2
??????????????????
  • ????????????????????????????
  • ?????????? CnH2n2 ??? n ???????????????? 1, 2,
    3
  • ??????????????? ???? sp3-C
  • ?????????????????? (straight chain) ??????????
    (branched chain)
  • ???????????????????????????????? zig-zag

3
  • ???????????????????????
  • constitutional isomer (structural isomer)

4
??????????????????????
5
???????????????
  • ????? ??????????????? ?????????? 1 ????????
  • ???????????????????????? 1-4 ????? ????
  • ?????????????????? 5-17 ????? ???????
  • ????????????????????????? 18 ????? ???????
  • ???????????
  • ?????????????????????????? 0.8 g/cm3
  • ????????????????????????????????????????

6
  • ????????
  • ????????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????? ?????????????????????????????????????????
    ??? van de Waals ????????????????????????????????
    ??????

7
(No Transcript)
8
  • ???????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????
  • ????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????? ether, benzene

9
  • ??????????????? -CH2- ????????????????????????????
    ????? homologous series

butane
  • ????????????????????? homologous series ????????
    homologs

pentane
10
Conformations ?????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????????????????????

11
  • Stagger conformation ???? conformation
    ???????????????

q dihedral angle ??????????????? C-H ??? C
???????????? C ?????????
Saw horse
Newman Projection
12
  • Eclipsed conformation

Saw horse
Newman Projection
13
  • Newman projection

?????????????????????????
????????????????????????
14
Conformations ?????????
15
???????????????
  • 1. Hydrogenation ?????????

16
  • 2. Reduction ???????????????
  • 2.1 reduce ???????? ??? ???

17
  • 2.2 hydrolysis ??? Grignard reagent

18
  • 3. Corey-House synthesis ??? lithium
    dialkylcuprate

19
????? C ????????????????????????????
20
  • 4. ????????? Wurtz

????? C ??????????????? 2 ?????????????????
21
??????????????????
  • 1. Halogenation

??????????? H ??????? 1 ?????????????????????????
1 ????????
22
  • ?????????????

?????????????????? (initiation step)
??????????????????? (propagation step)
???????????????????? (termination step)
23
  • ???????????????????????????? R-X ??????????????
    alkyl radical ????????????????????????????
  • alkyl radical ????????????????????????
  • ????????????????? alkyl radical
  • 3o gt 2o gt 1o gt CH3

24
(No Transcript)
25
  • 2. ????????? combustion

3. ????????? pyrolysis ???? cracking
26
???????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????? CnH2n ??? n ???????????????? 1, 2, 3
  • ??????????????? ???? sp3-C

27
???????????????
  • ??????????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ?????????????????????????????

28
??????????????
  • ????????????? heat of combustion
  • ???????????????????????
  • ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????????
  • ???????????????????????????? (ring strain)
  • ???????????? (ring strain) ??????????
  • angle strain
  • torsional strain

29
angle strain
  • ??????? sp3 ?????????? 109.5o
  • ?????????????????????????
    ????????????????????? 60o ??? 90o
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???? ????????? (angle strain)

30
torsional strain
  • ????? C-H ????????????? ???????????????????
    (eclipsed)
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????????????????????????
    (stagger)
  • ???????????????????????????? torsional strain

31
Conformations ??????????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????? 120o
    ?????????????? 109.5o ?????????? sp3 ???????????
  • ????????????????????????????? non planar
  • ??????????? 6 ???????????????????????????

32
Chair Conformation ??????????????
Axial hydrogen
Equatorial hydrogen
Newman projection
Chair conformation ???? conformation ????????????
33
Boat Conformation ??????????????
Flagpole interaction
Newman projection
34
(No Transcript)
35
  • Chair conformation ?????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????? 109.5o
  • ????????????????????? stagger
  • Boat conformation ?????????????????
  • ????????????????????????????? eclipsed ???????
    torsional strain ???
  • ?????????????????????????????? 1 ??? 4
    ??????????? van de Waals ???????????? flagpole
    interaction

36
????????????????????? (geometric isomer)
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????
  • ??????????????????? 2 ???? ????????????????????
    ???????????
  • cis- ?????????????? 2 ????????????????????????????
    ???
  • trans- ?????????????? 2 ??????????????????????????
    ?

37
cis -1,2-dimethylcyclopentane
trans- 1,2-dimethylcyclopentane
38
????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????? Wurtz reaction

39
  • hydrogenation ??????????????

40
  • ????????????? Simmons-Smith
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????

41
???????????????????????
  • ????????????????????????????????????????????
  • ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
    ?????????????? ?????????????????

42
???????????????????????
  • Halogenation

43
  • ????????????????????????????? ???????????
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