Bio Diesel

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Bio Diesel

• Matt Wolfer
• Peter Taliaferro
• Jenny Smiechowski
• Kenyon Twitchell
• Nate Whittemore

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History
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The Start

• Life for the diesel engine began in 1893 when the
  German inventor Rudolph Diesel published a paper
  called The Theory and Construction of a Rational
  Heat Engine.

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The Diesel Engine

• Rudolph described a revolutionary engine in which
  air would be compressed by a piston to a very
  high pressure thereby causing a high temperature.
  Because of the high temperatures created, the
  engine was able to run a variety of vegetable
  oils including hemp and peanut oil.

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The Vision

• Rudolph believed his highly efficient engine
  would allow people to take on and break free from
  the large industries, which had virtually
  monopolised the dominant power source of the time
  - the expensive and inefficient steam engine.

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Diesel In Todays World

• Today the diesel engine is the workhorse of the
  21st century. It is used around the planet to
  power cars, boats, trucks, buses and ships and
  diesel generators are the favoured emergency back
  up supplies in the event of an electricity
  failure.

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Hopes For the Future

• Using biodiesel offers a chance to break this
  hold and return production of fuel back to
  small-scale local producers. The ability to
  produce a high-grade road fuel using a local
  waste product, without the need for expensive
  technology is just one of the many advantages of
  Biodiesel. Nearly 100 years after his death we
  might see Rudolph Diesels vision achieved.

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BiodieselUps and downs
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UPS Biodiesel Helps

• Can be used directly in existing diesel engines
• Extend the life of an engine and helps it run
  cleaner
• Biodiesel is less combustible than petroleum
• If biodiesel spills, it is biodegradable

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Positive impacts on the state economy

• Dr. Hayes "Would create more new tax revenues
  than it would cost and would clearly be in the
  best interest of the state."

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Positive implications for agricultural production

• Expands the demand for products
• 168 million directly to the use of biodiesel

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Positive impact on the US balance of trade

• Biodiesel offers the potential to shift this
  spending from foreign imports to domestically
  produced energy

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Contributes jobs to the local economy

• Generate an estimated 8.34 million increase
  in personal income and over 6,000 additional
  temporary or permanent jobs

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The DOWN Side

• Increased levels nitrous oxide

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Emissions

• Same amount of hydrocarbon (or soluble carbon)
• Generally releases as much carbon dioxide as it
  uses growing

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Higher clouding point

• More difficult to store and transport in cold
  climates
• Adds to its cost

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Biodiesel Politics Legislative and Regulatory
Milestones
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The ASTM Standard

• In June 1994 The American Society for Testing and
  Materials began developing an ASTM standard for
  biodiesel.
• In June 1999 the preliminary standard was
  approved.
• In December 2001 it was published in its final
  version.
• The standard allowed for pure biodiesel (B100) in
  blends with petrodiesel up to 20 percent by
  volume (B20). Higher levels are allowed after a
  discussion with the individual engine
  manufacturer.

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The Energy Policy Act (EPAct)

• In 1992 EPAct was passed by Congress to reduce
  dependence on imported oil by requiring that
  certain governmental fleets attain vehicles able
  to operate on non-petroleum fuel.
• In 1998 EPAct was amended to allow fleets to meet
  a portion of their alternative-fuel-vehicle
  requirements through the use of biodiesel in
  existing diesel vehicles.

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EPA Testing

• In March 1998 biodiesel became the only
  alternative fuel in the nation to successfully
  complete the EPA-required Tier I Health Effects
  testing under section 211(b) of the Clean Air
  Act.
• In May 2000 a Tier II subchronic inhalation
  testing study was completed as well.

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Executive Orders

• On August 12, 1999, President Clinton signed
  Executive Order 13134, which called for a
  reduction in the use of fossil fuels and promoted
  the use of farm products, including
  agriculturally based biodiesel, in replacement.
• In April 2000 Clinton signed Executive Order
  13149 which called for a 20 cut in petroleum use
  by federal fleets.

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State Initiatives

• On March 15, 2002, Minnesota mandated that all
  diesel fuel in the state contain 2 percent
  biodiesel (B2).
• In June 2003 Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich
  signed two important biodiesel bills into law
• a partial tax exemption on biodiesel blends
• Grants up to 15 million for the construction,
  modification, or retrofitting of renewable energy
  plants with a minimum production capacity of 30
  million gallons of biodiesel a year

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Biodiesel Production
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Biodiesel Production

• Also known as alkyl esters.
• Three basic routes to ester production from oils
  and fats.
• Base catalyzed
• Direct acid catalyzed
• Conversion of the oil to fatty acids

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Biodiesel System
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The majority of the alkyl ester produced today
are done with the base catalyzed reaction.

• This is the most economic for several reasons
• Low temperature and pressure
• High conversion
• Direct conversion
• Exotic materials are not necessary

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The general process is depicted below.
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Cost Of Equipment And Difference in Cost
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Cost of Regular Diesel

• 2.565 a gallon
• This type of diesel is found at the pumps

Price of Bio Diesel

• As little as .70 a gallon
• Up front cost high

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Up front cost

• 2295 for the unit
• Most units include
• 12 Gallon per Minute Utility Pump
• Ball Valves
• Temperature Gauge
• Plumbing
• Connectors, Clamps Tape
• Assembly and use instructions
• 80 Gallon Water Heater
• 85 Gallon Cone Bottom Tank
• 15 Gallon Methoxide Carboy
• Hydrometer w/Cylinder
• Plastic Lab Set
• pH papers

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Up front cost

• Tubing ¾ 20
• Pump hand powered 25
• Test kits 70
• Scales 34
• Lye depends on price at time
• Methanol depends on price at time
• Oil possibly free from restaurants

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Cost after Buying the Kit

• Time to collect oil
• More lye and menthol as need
• Amount of time needed for possessing

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Pay Back Rate

• At 70 cents a gallon you save 1.80 with this
  savings you will pay off the initial cost back in
  1,358 gallons

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How to reduce costs

• A subsidy for the industry similar to that for
  other alternate fuels may be needed to promote
  the fuel. Improvements in processing along with
  the use of waste cooking oil as a raw material
  may help reduce costs.

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Sources

• http//www.planetfuels.co.uk/history/index.php
• http//www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/ageng/machine/ae1
  240w.htm
• Biodiesel Growing a New Energy Economy By Greg
  Pahl
• http//www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/ageng/machine/ae1
  240w.htm
• http//www.diyfuel.com/product_info.php?products_i
  d29osCsid15d675c64362aae84eb56825f0e2c4c9