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Chapter 2
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Timeline on Page 18 - 19

• Swampland
• 750 mile stretch of the Nile roughly between
  the 1st great cataract and the delta
• Prevailing winds blew from the north to the
  south. Ships could go upriver with the wind and
  downriver with the current. Impact?
• Irrigation and cooperation
• Hieroglyphics
• Papyrus
• Rosetta Stone

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Sections of Egypt

• Lower Egypt north, river delta
• Upper Egypt south
• Menes united all of Egypt into one kingdom
• Dynasty
• Pharaoh
• 30 dynasties

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Old Kingdom

• 2680 2180 BC
• Built the Great Sphinx and the largest pyramids

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Middle Kingdom

• 2040 1650 BC
• Nobles and priests tried to gain power at the
  expense of the pharaoh
• Hyksos
• Chariots and compound bows

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New Kingdom

• 1570 1080 BC
• Made a strong army
• Empire
• Hatshepsut one of the first known female rulers
• Amenhotep IV Wanted monotheism, not
  polytheism..changed name to Akhenaton

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Section 2

• People still build large buildings for many
  reasons why?
• Great Pyramid
• Egyptian art examples of the ways of life
• Number system based on 10 used geometry
• Discoveries in medicine
• Developed an educational system pass on
  knowledge

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Religion

• Religious instruction was important part of
  education, schools were attached to temples
• Page 28 the Afterlife read first paragraph
• Mummification

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Society

• Rigid social classes vs. fluid social classes
• Pharaoh legally owned all land peasants could
  just keep part of their crop
• Caravans
• Trade
• Cultural Diffusion
• Control and communication

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Section 3

• What is in this region today?
• Not geographically isolated wave after wave of
  invaders came into the area
• Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
• MesopotamiaFertile Crescent
• Viewed nature and the gods as harsh and
  unpredictable

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• A style of writing called pictographs
• Stylus clay tablets cuneiform about 600
  signs
• Arch
• Ziggurats
• May have been the first to develop and use the
  wheel

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• Used a system of numbers based on 60 a circle
  of 360 degrees six 60s each degree divided
  into 60 minutes each minute divided into 60
  seconds
• City-states
• Had slaves POWs or kidnapped from other
  regions
• Education was very important only upper class
  males
• Polytheism
• Sumerians believed in a kind of shadowy lower
  world

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Section 4

• The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians
• Sargon was the most powerful Akkadian king
• Akkadian Empire lasted about 150 years

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• Hammurabi Babylonian
• Code of Hammurabi
• Punishment varied according to status

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• Hittites were a warlike people

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• Assyrians first to use cavalry
• Used terror to control their enemies
• Sometimes deported whole populations to other
  regions
• Governors ruled areas and made reports to the
  King
• Nineveh was the capital double wall built
  around the city more than 70 feet high and
  stretched 7.5 miles around the city in places
  it was 148 feet wide had 15 decorated gates

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• Epic of Gilgamesh one of the oldest known works
  of literature

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• Nebuchadnezzar Chaldean
• Babylon Home of the Hanging Gardens
• Within 30 years of Nebuchadnezzar's death the
  Chaldean Empire fell

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• Important Persian leaders Cyrus, Darius I,
  Xerxes I
• Persian leaders allowed conquered peoples to keep
  their own religions and laws
• Secret agents known as the Kings Eyes and Ears
  kept the King informed
• Persians built roads to connect the cities within
  their empire mainly for the army and postal
  riders

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Section 5

• What caused elements of culture to spread between
  ancient civilizations?
• Phoenicia modern Israel, Lebanon, Syria
• A loose union of city-states each governed by a
  separate king

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• Lebanon Mountains made travel east difficult so
  the Phoenicians turned to the sea
• Traveled throughout the Mediterranean ---
  Britain?
• City of Carthage became an important regional
  power
• Island colonies on Sicily, Sardinia, and Malta
• Phoenicia lumber
• Invented art of glassblowing

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• Created a purple dye from a shellfish called a
  murex took 60,000 murices to make one pound of
  royal purple dye
• Believed in an afterlife polytheistic
  sometime sacrificed their own children
• Never established a major empire
• One major accomplishment - alphabet

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• Lydians Asia Minor Turkey
• First people to use coined money
• Barter exchange one good or service for another
• Commodities goods that have value

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Section 6

• Land of Canaan
• Hebrews ancestors of the modern Jews
• Trace lineage through Abraham and Jacob (Israel)
• The call of Abraham idols his son as sacrifice
• Connection of Jews, Christians, and Muslims to
  Abraham, the Promised Land, and conflict in
  modern Israel
• Hagar and Ishmael
• Jewish Temple
• Dome of the Rock

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• Travel to Egypt to escape famine
• Moses
• Exodus
• 10 Commandments 1 4 are the relationship with
  God, 5 10 are about self-restraint
• Covenant solemn agreement

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• Upon return to Canaan they needed to maintain a
  central shrine for the Arc of the Covenant
• Judges and Prophets
• Philistines fierce opponents
• Saul first King of the united Kingdom
• David
• Reached height of wealth and power under Solomon

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A Nation Divided

• Israel 10 Northern Tribes capital at Samaria
• Judah 2 Southern Tribes capital at Jerusalem
• 722 BC Assyrians conquer Israel
• 587 BC Chaldeans conquer Judah destroy temple

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• Scriptures include history, laws, poetry,
  prophecy, and religious instruction
• Torah first 5 books of the Old Testament
• People have choice between good and evil then
  are held responsible for the choice
• People should serve God out of love
• Ethics proper conduct
• God is a spiritual force, not a glorified human
  being or a force of nature