Europe after World War I. World War I caused the deaths o

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Exploring American HistoryUnit VIII- Boom Times
and Challenges

• Chapter 26 Section 1
• The War Begins

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The Clouds of War (0336)
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Europe after World War I

• World War I caused the deaths of millions and the
  destruction of numerous cities and farms. The
  European economy was in ruins.
• The Treaty of Versailles left many European
  nations unhappy.
• France thought the treaty was too easy on
  Germany.
• Italy had been on the winning side of the war but
  was ignored during the peace talks. They had
  hoped to gain territory.
• Germany was most affected by the Treaty of
  Versailles.
• Germany gave up control of some of its land,
  including some important industrial areas.
• German was forced to pay reparations to other
  countries, which led to a period of severe
  inflation.
• The Weimer Republic was not a strong government.
• It faced opposition from the Communists and the
  far right.
• The German military was greatly reduced in size
  and power.

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Germany after WWI 148
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The War Begins

• The Big Idea
• The rise of aggressive totalitarian governments
  led to the start of World War II.
• Main Ideas
• During the 1930s, totalitarian governments rose
  to power in Europe and Japan.
• German expansion led to the start of World War II
  in Europe in 1939.
• The United States joined the war after Japan
  attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.

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Main Idea 1 During the 1930s, totalitarian
governments rose to power in Europe and Japan.

• Several European countries moved towards
  totalitarianism, a political system in which the
  government controls every aspect of citizens
  lives.

1930s

• Benito Mussolini gained complete control of Italy
  in 1922.
• Rule based on fascism, a political system in
  which the state or government is seen as more
  important than individuals.
• In the mid-1930s, began working to expand
  territory

Italy

• Adolf Hitler took advantage of public anger over
  effects of Treaty of Versailles to gain power.
• A member of the National Socialist Party, or
  Nazis
• Became chancellor in 1933 and seized all
  government power
• Blamed others for Germanys problems, including
  Jews and Communists

Germany
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Benito Mussolini

• Benito Mussolini led the Italian government by
  1922.
• His vision of a strong, orderly Italy was
  appealing
• He encouraged the use of violence against
  Socialists and Communists, whom many Italians
  blamed for the chaos of postwar Italy.
• He gained wide support for his views.
• Angry over the Treaty of Versailles, he founded
  the National Fascist Party.
• Fascism stressed the glory of the state the
  rights and concerns of individuals were of little
  importance.
• Established a dictatorship that allowed no other
  political parties
• Had total control over daily life in a
  totalitarian regime

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Italy (0057)
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Third Reich

• Official designation for the Nazi Party's regime
  in Germany from January 1933 to May 1945. The
  name reflects Adolf Hitler's conception of his
  expansionist regime which he predicted would
  last 1,000 years as the presumed successor of
  the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806, the First Reich)
  and the German empire under the Hohenzollern
  dynasty (1871-1918, the Second Reich).

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Adolf Hitler

• Adolf Hitler was an Austrian who entered German
  politics because he was angry over the Treaty of
  Versailles.
• Joined a small political party called the
  National Socialists, or Nazis
• Tried to seize power in Germany by force in 1923
  revolt failed and he was sent to prison
• From prison, wrote Mein Kampf a book that
  outlined his political ideas
• Believed in the racial superiority of the German
  people
• Blamed the Jews for many of Germanys problems
• Hitler became Germanys chancellor in 1933.
• Set up a totalitarian dictatorship
• Secretly began to build up the German military

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Adolph Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party
(0250)
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Jesse Owens and the Berlin Olympics of 1936

• Summer Olympics in Berlin provided Hitler with an
  opportunity to show the world the greatness of
  the German people (The Master Race) and the
  inferiority of certain other groups such as
  Africans.
• The U.S. Olympic team included many African
  American athletes, such as Jesse Owens.
• Owens captured gold medals in the 100 and 200
  meter Dashes, the Long Jump and a relay. Living
  proof that Hitlers views on race were wrong.
• Germany did not learn the lesson of Owens
  example. Hitler preached a message of hate,
  anger and false pride which would rule in Germany.

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The Soviet Union and Japan

• Joseph Stalin became dictator of the Soviet Union
  by 1928.
• Communist ruler
• Terrorized those he saw as political enemies,
  killing or imprisoning millions of Soviet citizens

Soviet Union

• Group of military leaders slowly gained complete
  control of government.
• By 1930s, had more influence than the Japanese
  emperor
• Wanted to build a large Japanese empire in East
  Asia
• Invaded China and killed hundreds of thousands

Japan
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Russia (0115)
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Japan (0051)
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1931 Japanese Aggression in Manchuria (0153)
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Explain Under Fascism, which is more important,
  individuals rights or the state?
• Compare- How were the governments of Italy,
  Germany, and the Soviet Union similar at the
  beginning of World War II?
• Evaluate How do you think Japans strong
  military leaders influenced the emperor?

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Main Idea 2German expansion led to the start of
World War II in Europe in 1939.

• Hitler dreamed of avenging Germanys defeat in
  World War I.
• Violated the Treaty of Versailles
• Rebuilt German military
• Invaded neighboring Rhineland in 1936
• Germany signed an alliance with Italy and formed
  the Axis Powers.
• Japan later joined this pact.

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Adolf Hitler Gains Power

• The Rhineland
• Germany could not have troops in an area of the
  Rhine River valley along the French border.
• This was meant to protect France against a
  possible German invasion.
• Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland in 1936.
• France and Britain were unwilling to stop this.

• The Anschluss
• In 1938 Hitler tried to unite the ethnic Germans
  of Austria with those of Germany.
• He tried to force the Austrian government to
  agree to Anschluss union with Germany.
• When the Austrian government refused, Hitler sent
  troops into the country.
• No one stopped Hitler.

• The Sudetenland
• Hitler began plans to gain control of a
  German-speaking portion of Czechoslovakia.
• He encouraged the Germans in the area to protest
  the Czech government and then threatened a
  military attack.
• Neville Chamberlain and others allowed Hitler to
  annex the Sudetenland.

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Hitler Sets His Sights on Sudetenland

• Hitler demanded control of Sudetenland, a region
  of Czechoslovakia.
• Czechs turned to allies France and Great Britain.
• Neither wanted armed conflict.
• Took appeasement approach a policy of avoiding
  war with an aggressive nation by giving in to its
  demands.
• Germany was given control over the Sudetenland in
  return for a promise not to demand more land.
  Munich Pact
• Some, including British admiral Winston
  Churchill, were convinced this would not stop
  Hitler.

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Munich Pact - Appeasement

• Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain signed
  the Munich Pact in Munich, Germany on September
  29, 1938.
• Hitler demanded for the secession of the German -
  speaking Sudetanland of Czechoslovakia to
  Germany.
• Looking for any attempt to prevent further
  confrontations with Hitler, Great Britain and
  France accepted Hitlers demands. France and
  Great Britain were devastated by World War I and
  would be willing to do anything to avoid more
  confrontation.
• With Great Britains and Frances acceptance,
  Hitler promised not to claim any other European
  territory.
• British Admiral Winston Churchill said this of
  the agreement- The government had to choose
  between shame and war. They have chosen shame
  and they will have war.

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Hitler on the march

• Lebensraum- Living Room, -all people of German
  blood in Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.
• 1938- March- Hitler invades Austria then
  Sudetenland. The Czech hoped other nations would
  aid them- did not happen.
• Munich Conference- Chamberlain of England,
  Daladier of France met with Hitler and Mussolini
  at Munich, Germany. Sept. 28, 1938 they agreed
  to dismember Czechoslovakia and appease Hitler.
  Chamberlains said, Peace in our time.
• November 1938- Hitler increases brutal treatment
  of Jews.
• March 1939- Hitler seizes rest of Czechoslovakia-
  Appeasement failed.
• April 7, 1939- Italy invades Albania.
• Isolationists in Congress still block all of FDR
  attempts to aid the allies.

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World War II Begins (0103)
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Hitler Moves West

• August 1939 Hitler and Stalin sign
  non-aggression pact.

September 1, 1939 German forces invade Poland
World War II begins.
September 3, 1939 Britain and France, known as
the Allied Powers, declare war on Germany.
Hitler uses a blitzkrieg, or lightning war,
strategy of quick and hard attacks in Poland
Allied Powers are not prepared.
October 1939 Germany and Soviet forces control
Poland.
Spring 1940 Germany quickly conquers Denmark,
Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
June 22, 1940 France surrenders to Germany, but
French resistance continues.
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The Nazis Conquer Western Europe (0202)
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Blitzkrieg

• The German method of attack known as blitzkrieg,
  or lightning war, was made possible by
  technological advances.
• The development of tanks that could move rapidly
  the use of airplanes, bombs, and paratroopers
  and coordinated radio communication allowed
  German troops to make rapid offensive moves that
  overwhelmed other European countries.
• The blitzkrieg was successful in the early years
  of the war but was ineffective in later years, as
  the Allies began to use tanks and planes in a
  similar manner.

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Miracle of Dunkirk
A major battle during World War II which lasted
from May 26 to June 4, 1940. A large force of
British and French soldiers were cut off in
northern France by a German armoured advance to
the Channel coast at Calais. Over 330,000 Allied
troops caught in the pocket were subsequently
evacuated by sea to England in Operation Dynamo.
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Operation Dynamo - May 27, 1940 (0305)
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Battle of Britain

• Hitler prepared for invasion of Britain.
• In July 1940 the Luftwaffe, or German air force,
  began attacking British planes and airfields.
• In August the Luftwaffe began bombing British
  cities.
• British Royal Air Force destroyed some 2,300
  Luftwaffe aircraft.
• Used new technology of radar
• Hitler cancelled invasion of Britain.

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The War in Great Britain (0236)
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Battle of Britain- Hitler called it Sea Lion
(his plan to invade England)

• France had fallen so Great Britain was standing
  alone against the Nazi, Winston Churchill called
  their finest hour.
• Hitler sent bombers to bomb British cites during
  the summer and fall of 1939- the idea was to
  force the British to surrender.
• Factors in the British favor
• Ultra- intercepted and decoded Germany secret
  messages.
• RADAR- Radio, detecting, and ranging- They knew
  when the Germans are coming and where they would
  be. They could move the small RAF around and
  intercept the German bombers.
• British still had horrible losses. Even with
  Ultra- Conventry was bombed and many died.
• Germans forced to postponed the invasion. Loss
  of 2,300 aircraft- but began to use the V-1 and
  V-2.

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American Isolationism (0241)
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FDR and neutrality

• FDR warned America about war and that the US
  could not be a mere spectator. He wanted
  quarantine, but did not get it
• Pacifists- never go to war for any reason.
• Isolationists- fence off the New World and keep
  the war out.
• 5th Columnists- German agents operating inside
  the United States waiting to become active.
• Nazi sympathizers- Italian and German immigrants
  and American Nazi.
• Defeatists- We can not possible defeat them.
  (Lindbergh)
• Hate England Crowd such as the Irish.
• Business as usual- businesses profiting from the
  war. Arms manufacturers and bankers profit
  either way.
• Appeasers- Give in to Hitlers demands

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Germany Expands

• Recall What did Hitler do that was in violation
  of the Treaty of Versailles?
• Identify- What was the Sudetenland?
• Make Generalizations What was Churchills
  opinion of the appeasement strategy of Neville
  Chamberlain?
• Elaborate- Why do you think Great Britain and
  France pledged to defend Poland, but did not get
  involved in Czechoslovakia?

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Germany Expands

• Identify- Name eight countries that were invaded
  by the Axis Powers?
• Rate How do you think Churchills words made
  the British people feel??
• Identify Cause and Effect- How did the RAF
  finally defeat the Luftwaffe?

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Main Idea 3 The United States joined the war
after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.

• The United States opposed Hitlers actions, but
  refused to enter war.
• In 1940 President Franklin Roosevelt was
  reelected.
• In 1941 Roosevelt proposed and Congress passed
  the Lend-Lease Act, allowing the president to aid
  any nations believed vital to U.S. defense.
• Began sending war supplies and assistance to
  Great Britain, China, and other Allied countries
• Sent supplies to Soviet Union after Hitler
  invaded it in June 1941

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The Lend-Lease Act America Aids Great Britain
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Helping the British

• England out of cash for Cash and Carry. With
  Neutrality law in place FDR could not help the
  English and they would surely lose the war.
• Lend-Lease- clever plan- we would offer to lease
  (lend) to countries whose defense was considered
  vital to the defense of the U.S. - 1941
• British would not need cash to get the supplies.

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Attack on Pearl Harbor

• United States protested Japanese invasion of
  French Indochina in July 1941.
• Japanese military leaders planned large-scale
  attack on U.S. naval fleet at Pearl Harbor in
  Hawaii.
• December 7, 1941 Japanese planes attacked Pearl
  Harbor.
• Sank or damaged all of the U.S. battleships
  anchored at Pearl Harbor.
• More than 2,400 Americans killed
• Almost 200 airplanes destroyed
• December 8, 1941 United States declared war on
  Japan.
• Germany declared war on the United States.

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The Attack on Pearl Harbor

• Defenses
• U.S military planners believed an attack on Pearl
  Harbor was possible.
• Forces at the base were unprepared to defend it.
• No single commander was in charge.
• Routine defensive steps were not in place.

• The Attack
• On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked.
• Aircraft carriers approached the island of Oahu.
• War planes loaded with bombs and torpedoes left
  the carriers and destroyed American ships and
  planes.
• The attack lasted 2 hours.

• The Aftermath
• All 8 battleships were damaged 4 were sunk.
• Nearly 200 aircraft were destroyed.
• Some 2,400 Americans were dead.
• Japan lost only a handful of submarines and fewer
  than 30 planes.

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Day of Infamy

• The choice for the Japanese was limited in their
  eyes- Give up the idea of having an empire or go
  to war with the U.S.- The military leaders of
  Japan choose war,
• October 1941- General Hideki Tojo came to power
• Magic- intelligence we received from Japan
  after breaking the Japanese code. We knew they
  would attack, but now where. U.S. navy forces
  put on alert status.
• Dec. 7, 1941- Pearl Harbor. Perfect surprise,
  and the greatest military disaster in American
  History- 150 American warplanes, 8 Battleships, 3
  Cruisers and 3 destroyers, 70 civilians and 2300
  servicemen.
• Dec. 8, 1941- FDR speech to Congress-

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Dec. 7, 1941 425
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Dec. 7, 1941 425
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• WWII- A World Conflict
• Allied Goals-
• 1st- Defeat the Germans
• 2nd- U.S. to postpone the offensive in the
  Pacific and continue an active defense.

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The United States Joins the War

• Recall Which campaign promise was President
  Roosevelt unable to keep?
• Identify- What strategic program extension did
  the United States make?
• Interpretation What actions did Roosevelt
  intend to take when told Congress, We must be in
  the great arsenal of democracy?
• Evaluate- What do you think about the United
  States freeze on Japanese funds to force them to
  withdraw?

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The United States Joins the War

• Recall Which time of day did the Japanese
  attack Pearl Harbor?
• Contrast- What was the USS Arizona in 1941, and
  how does it serve today?
• Rate Why do you think the Japanese attack on
  Pearl Harbor was considered successful?