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1
Section 1-5
17.1 Building Support for Imperialism

• Beginning in the 1880s, Americans wanted the
  United States to become a world power.

• Their change in attitude was a result of
  economic and military competition from other
  nations and a growing feeling of cultural
  superiority.
• Imperialism is the economic and political
  domination of a strong nation over weaker
  nations.

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Section 1-5
Building Support for Imperialism

• Several European nations were expanding their
  power overseas, a development known as the New
  Imperialism.

• One reason for this expansion was that European
  factories depended on raw materials from all over
  the world.

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Section 1-7
Building Support for Imperialism
(cont.)

• Americans wanted to develop overseas markets to
  keep the economy strong.
• Social Darwinists argued that as nations
  competed, only the strongest would survive.
• Americans used these ideas to justify expanding
  American power overseas.

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Section 1-8
Building Support for Imperialism
(cont.)

• John Fiske, a historian and writer, wrote about
  Anglo-Saxonism, the idea that the
  English-speaking nations had superior character,
  ideas, and systems of government and were
  destined to dominate the planet.

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Section 1-11
Expansion in the Pacific

• Americans expanded across the Pacific Ocean and
  toward East Asia looking for overseas markets.

• Americans hoped to trade with China and Japan,
  but Japan only allowed trade with the Chinese and
  the Dutch.
• In 1852 President Franklin Pierce ordered
  Commodore Matthew C. Perry to travel to Japan to
  negotiate a trade treaty.

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Section 1-12
Expansion in the Pacific (cont.)

• In 1854 the Japanese, impressed by American
  technology and power, signed a treaty opening
  two ports to American trade.

• By the 1890s, Japan had a powerful navy and had
  set out to build its own empire in Asia.
• During an 1872 recession in Hawaii, the United
  States exempted Hawaiian sugar from tariffs.

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Section 1-13
Expansion in the Pacific (cont.)

• When the treaty later came up for renewal, the
  Senate insisted that Hawaii give the United
  States exclusive rights to a naval base at Pearl
  Harbor.

• The McKinley Tariff in 1890 gave subsidies to
  sugar producers in the United States, causing the
  sale of Hawaiian sugar to decline.
• Annex-the legal incorporation of some territory
  into another. To bind-to.

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Section 1-14
Expansion in the Pacific (cont.)

• In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani became the queen of
  Hawaii.

• She disliked the influence of American settlers
  in Hawaii.
• In 1893 a group of planters, supported by U.S.
  Marines, forced the queen to give up her power
  after she unsuccessfully tried to impose a new
  constitution that reasserted her authority as
  ruler of the Hawaiian people.
• The group of planters set up a temporary
  government and asked the United States to annex
  the islands.

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Section 1-17
Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America

• In the 1800s, the United States wanted to
  increase its influence in Latin America by
  increasing the sale of American products in the
  region.

• Americans wanted Europeans to realize that the
  United States was the dominant power in the
  region.

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Section 1-18
Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America (cont.)

• Secretary of State James G. Blaine led early
  efforts to expand American influence in Latin
  America.

• He proposed the idea that the United States and
  Latin America work together in what came to be
  called Pan-Americanism.

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Section 1-19
Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America (cont.)

• The goals of the conference were to create a
  customs union between Latin America and the
  United States, and to create a system for
  American nations to work out their disputes
  peacefully.

• The Latin Americans rejected both ideas.

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Section 1-22
Building a Modern Navy

• Americans were willing to risk war to defend
  American interests overseas.

• This led to American support for a large modern
  navy.
• Captain Alfred T. Mahan of the United States Navy
  published his lectures in a book called The
  Influence of Seapower Upon History, 16601783.

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Section 1-23
Building a Modern Navy (cont.)

• The book suggested that a nation needed a large
  navy to protect its merchant ships and to defend
  its right to trade with other countries.

• Mahan felt it necessary to acquire territory
  overseas for naval bases.
• By the late 1890s, the United States was on its
  way to becoming one of the top-ranked naval
  powers in the world.

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14
Section 2-5
17.2 The Coming of War

• Cuba, a Spanish colony, provided wealth for Spain
  with sugarcane plantations.

• In 1868 Cuban rebels declared independence and
  began a guerrilla attack against Spanish
  authorities.

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Section 2-7
The Coming of War (cont.)

• At the start of the Cuban revolution, Americans
  were neutral.

• But after reports in two newspapers, the New
  York Journal owned by William Randolph Hearst and
  the New York World owned by Joseph Pulitzer,
  Americans began to side with the rebels.
• The newspapers, trying to outdo each other, began
  to use yellow journalism by running exaggerated
  stories of Spanish attacks on Cubans.

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Section 2-8
The Coming of War (cont.)

• The Spanish appointed General Valeriano Weyler to
  serve as governor.
• He caused the deaths of tens of thousands of
  Cuban villagers by sending them to
  reconcentration camps.
• This led Americans to call for intervention in
  the war.

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Section 2-9
The Coming of War (cont.)

• The Spanish ambassador to the U.S., Enrique Dupuy
  de Lôme, wrote a private letter, describing
  President McKinley as weak and seeking
  admiration of Americans.

• The New York Journal printed the letter, causing
  Americans to become angry over the insult.

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Section 2-10
The Coming of War (cont.)

• In February 1898, the U.S.S. Maine, anchored in
  Havana, Cuba, exploded, killing 266 American
  officers and sailors.

• Although no one knows why the ship exploded, many
  Americans blamed Spain.
• President William McKinley did not want to
  intervene in the war, fearing it would cost the
  United States too many lives and hurt the economy.

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Section 2-11
The Coming of War (cont.)

• Within the presidents own political party,
  jingoism aggressive nationalism was very strong.
• Extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive
  foreign policy.

• In 1898, after much pressure, McKinley authorized
  Congress to declare war on Spain.

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Section 2-14
A War on Two Fronts

• The United States Navys North Atlantic Squadron
  blockaded Cuba.

• An American fleet in British Hong Kong was
  ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in the
  Philippinesa Spanish colony.
• In May 1898, Commodore George Dewey led a
  squadron that destroyed Spanish warships in
  Manila Bay in the Philippines.

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Section 2-15
A War on Two Fronts (cont.)

• McKinley sent 20,000 American troops to the
  Philippines and, along the way, seized the island
  of Guama Spanish possession in the Pacific.

• The American army was untrained and unequipped.
• Poor conditions in training camps resulted in
  more Americans dying in training than in battle.

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M/C 2-1b
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Section 2-16
A War on Two Fronts (cont.)

• In June, American troops advanced toward Santiago
  Harbor in Cuba.

• One group attacked the village of El Caney, and
  another group attacked San Juan Heights.
• Among the American troops were the Rough Riders
  led by Colonel Leonard Wood, with Theodore
  Roosevelt as second in command. Adventure types
  cowboys, college st.
• Both attacks were American victories.

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Section 2-17
A War on Two Fronts (cont.)

• Along with the Rough Riders were the all-black
  9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments.

• About one-fourth of the American troops fighting
  in Cuba were African American.
• Spanish resistance ended with the surrender of
  Santiago.
• On August 12, 1898, Spain and the United States
  agreed to a cease-fire.

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Section 2-19
An American Empire is Born

• Many Americans supported annexing the
  Philippines because it would provide a naval base
  in Asia, a stopover on the way to China, a large
  market for American goods, and the ability to
  teach less civilized peoples.

• On December 10, 1898, the United States and Spain
  signed the Treaty of Paris.
• Cuba became an independent country.

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Section 2-20
An American Empire is Born (cont.)

• The United States acquired Puerto Rico and Guam
  and paid Spain 20 million for the Philippines.

• The Treaty of Paris made the United States an
  imperial power.
• Controlling its new empire was not easy for the
  United States.
• Problems erupted b/w the U.S. and Filipino
  people.

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Section 2-23
An American Empire is Born (cont.)

• After the war, the United States set up a
  military government in Cuba.
• Steps were taken to ensure that Cuba would remain
  tied to the United States.
• The Platt Amendment.
• Cuba reluctantly accepted the Amendment.

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Section 2-24
An American Empire is Born (cont.)

• The Platt Amendment specified that (1) Cuba
  could not make a treaty with another nation that
  would weaken its power or allow another foreign
  power to gain territory in Cuba (2) Cuba had to
  allow the United States to buy or lease naval
  stations in Cuba (3) Cubas debts had to be kept
  low to prevent foreign countries from landing
  troops to enforce payment and (4) the United
  States would have the right to intervene to
  protect Cuban independence and keep order.

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Section 3-5
17.3 Theodore Roosevelts Rise to Power

• On September 6, 1901, Leon Czolgosz shot
  President McKinley, who died a few days later.
• Theodore Roosevelt, McKinleys vice president,
  became the youngest person to become president.

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Section 3-6
Theodore Roosevelts Rise to Power
(cont.)

• Roosevelt believed the United States had a duty
  to shape the less civilized parts of the world.

• He wanted the United States to become a world
  power.

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Section 3-8
American Diplomacy in Asia

• In 1899 the United States was a major power in
  Asia.

• Between 1895 and 1900, American exports to China
  quadrupled.

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Section 3-10
American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)

• This leasehold became the center of a sphere of
  influence, an area where a foreign nation
  controlled economic development such as railroad
  and mining.

• President McKinley and Secretary of State John
  Hay supported an Open Door policy in China.
• They believed all countries should be allowed to
  trade with China.
• Hay sent notes to countries with leaseholds in
  China asking to keep ports open to all nations.
• Hay expected all powers would abide by this plan.

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Section 3-14
American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)

• The Great White Fleet, 16 battleships of the new
  United States Navy, was sent around the world to
  show the countrys military strength.

• Relations w/ Japan worsened.
• Visiting Japan did not help the tension that
  already existed.

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Section 3-16
A Growing Presence in the Caribbean

• In 1901 the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty signed by the
  U.S. and Great Britain gave the United States
  exclusive rights to build and control any
  proposed canal through Central America.

• A French company that had begun to build a canal
  through Panama offered to sell its rights and
  property in Panama to the United States.

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Section 3-17
A Growing Presence in the Caribbean (cont.)

• In 1903 Panama was still a part of Colombia,
  which refused John Hays offer to purchase the
  land and gain rights to build the canal.

• Panamanians decided to declare their independence
  from Colombia and make their own deal with the
  United States to build the canal.

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Section 3-18
A Growing Presence in the Caribbean (cont.)

• The United States recognized Panamas
  independence, and the two nations signed a treaty
  to have the canal built.

• Construction of the 50-mile canal took ten years.
  
• It shortened the distance from the Atlantic to
  the Pacific Ocean by about 8,000 nautical miles.

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Section 3-19
A Growing Presence in the Caribbean (cont.)

• The 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
  Doctrine stated that the United States would
  intervene in Latin American affairs when
  necessary to maintain economic and political
  stability in the Western Hemisphere.

• Monroe Doctrine, European powers will no longer
  colonize or interfere with the affairs of the
  newly independent nations of the U.S.
• Latin American nations resented the growing
  American influence.

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Section 3-20
A Growing Presence in the Caribbean (cont.)
Big-Stick Policy, speak softly and carry a
big-stick and you will go far.-TR.

• The new president of the United States, William
  Howard Taft, continued Roosevelts policies.

• He believed that if American business leaders
  supported Latin America and Asian development,
  everyone would benefit.
• His policy came to be called dollar
• diplomacy.

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Chapter Summary 1
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Why It Matters Transparency