XXI Congresso de Brasileiro de Entomologia

1
XXI Congresso de Brasileiro de Entomologia Recife,
Brazil Overview of Experimental Research and
Commercial Use of Green Lacewings From
Potential to Commercial Use? Kent Daane Center
for Biological Control University of California,
Berkeley
2
Introduction Center for
Biological Control
Nicholas Mills
Miguel Altieri
Kent Daane
Berkeley
Lynn LeBeck
Steve Welter
Andy Gutierrez
3
Introduction History of
Bio-Control at University California
Back row Huffaker, Hughes, Fisher,
Basinger Middle row Flanders, Finney, Bartlett,
Hagen, (Harry) Smith, Sellers, Compere, Steinhaus
Front row Fleschner, Timberlake, Dietrick,
DeBach. Photo by KJ Holloway.
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Introduction Connection with
Brasil Lacewing Research
Gilberto Albuquerque
Brasilian scientists, novel lacewing research
Kady Maurice Tauber
Ken Hagen
John Ruberson
Everett Dietrick
One of the first Commercial Insectaries for
Lacewings
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• Field Release Studies
• Chrysoperla carnea
• augmentation literature
• insectary production
• California research
• References
• Tauber et al. 2000
• (American Entomologist)
• Daane et al. 1998
• (Thomas Say Publ. ESA)
• McEwen et al. 2001
• (Cambridge Univ. Press)

6
Doutt Hagen 1950 (J. Econ. Entomol.) Hand-Relea
se Chrysoperla carnea 750 eggs / tree gt70
reduction of pest
7
Lacewing use in Commercial Augmentation
Program Which predators are most commonly
purchased?
44
Chrysoperla spp.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
15.2
Hippodamia convergens
12.8
Chilocorus spp.
12
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
6.4
Tenodera sinensis
4
Delphastus spp.
2.4
Other
3.2
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Number of Responses
8
Lacewings are used in glass-house systems
(aphids, whiteflies) especially in
Europe. Glass-house provides a controlled
environment.
9
But outside the glasshouse, commercial lacewings
are predominantly sold for home gardens. Much
less use in field-agriculture
UC Statewide IPM Project
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Why Not in Field Crops?
1) Insectary Production of Lacewings 2) Field
Trials in California Vineyards Laboratory, Cage
and Commercial 3) Current Problems, Future
Solutions Commercial Release Methods Prey
Selection Environment Lacewing Species
12
Basic Requirements for Augmentation

• Rear predictable numbers of high quality natural
  enemies (N.E.)
• Store transport release N.E. so they compete
  effectively at release site.
• 3) Understand ecological parameters between
  N.E., pest, environment (abiotic biotic).
• Ridgway et al. 1998 (Thomas Say Publ., ESA)

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Basic Requirements for Augmentation

• Rear predictable numbers of high quality natural
  enemies (N.E.)
• Store transport N.E.

Research has already solved many issues in
insectary production
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Basic Requirements for Augmentation

• Rear predictable numbers of high quality natural
  enemies (N.E.)
• Store transport N.E.

Adult diets of a sugar and mutualistic yeast to
synthesize amino acids (Hagen et al. 1950,
1970).
Cold storage of adults without loss of quality
(Tauber et al. 1993, 1997 Wang Nordlund 1994,
Chang et al. 1995, 1996).
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Basic Requirements for Augmentation

• Rear predictable numbers of high quality natural
  enemies (N.E.)
• Store transport N.E.

Cold storage of eggs to improve product
delivery (Osman Selman 1993 López-Arroyo et
al. 2000).
High egg production (Hagen Tassan 1966, 1970
Albuquerque et al. 1994 Chang et al. 1996).
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Basic Requirements for Augmentation

• Rear predictable numbers of high quality natural
  enemies (N.E.)
• Store transport N.E.

Most exciting is artificial diet for larvae
(Nordlund Morrison 1992 Cohen 1998 Cohen
Smith 1998).
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Basic Requirements for Augmentation

• Rear predictable numbers of high quality natural
  enemies (N.E.)
• Store transport release N.E. so they compete
  effectively at release site.
• 3) Understand ecological parameters between
  N.E., pest, environment (abiotic biotic).
• Ridgway et al. 1998 (Thomas Say Publ., ESA)

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Examples of Different Results w/ Lacewings in
Field Crops Pest LW stage No.
released Impact Reference tobacco
larvae 1,037,000/ha 96 Lingren et al 1968
budworm bollworm larvae 988,000/ha 82 Ridgway
Jones 1968 green peach larvae 217,600/ha 48 Sh
ands et al. 1972 aphid Colorado eggs 11 0 Shu
vakhina 1975 potato eggs 11 74 Beglyarov
Smetnik 1977 beetle larvae 120 95 Shuvakhina
1975 larvae 11 100 Beglyarov Smetnik
1977 tulip tree eggs 50,000/tree 0-10 Dreistad
t et al 1986 aphid leafhopper eggs 20,000/
ha 0-35 Daane et al. 1993,1995,1997 Literature
search used AGRICOLA, BIOS, and summary articles
(1960-2003).
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Examples of Different Results w/ Lacewings in
Field Crops Pest LW stage No.
released Impact Reference tobacco
larvae 1,037,000/ha 96 Lingren et al 1968
budworm bollworm larvae 988,000/ha 82 Ridgway
Jones 1968 green peach larvae 217,600/ha 48 Sh
ands et al. 1972 aphid Colorado eggs 11 0 Shu
vakhina 1975 potato eggs 11 74 Beglyarov
Smetnik 1977 beetle larvae 120 95 Shuvakhina
1975 larvae 11 100 Beglyarov Smetnik
1977 tulip tree eggs 50,000/tree 0-10 Dreistad
t et al 1986 aphid leafhopper eggs 20,000/
ha 0-35 Daane et al. 1993,1995,1997 Literature
search used AGRICOLA, BIOS, and summary articles
(1960-2003).
20
Examples of Different Results w/ Lacewings in
Field Crops Pest LW stage No.
released Impact Reference tobacco
larvae 1,037,000/ha 96 Lingren et al 1968
budworm bollworm larvae 988,000/ha 82 Ridgway
Jones 1968 green peach larvae 217,600/ha 48 Sh
ands et al. 1972 aphid Colorado eggs 11 0 Shu
vakhina 1975 potato eggs 11 74 Beglyarov
Smetnik 1977 beetle larvae 120 95 Shuvakhina
1975 larvae 11 100 Beglyarov Smetnik
1977 tulip tree eggs 50,000/tree 0-10 Dreistad
t et al 1986 aphid leafhopper eggs 20,000/
ha 0-35 Daane et al. 1993,1995,1997 Literature
search used AGRICOLA, BIOS, and summary articles
(1960-2003).
21
Examples of Different Results w/ Lacewings in
Field Crops Pest LW stage No.
released Impact Reference tobacco
larvae 1,037,000/ha 96 Lingren et al 1968
budworm bollworm larvae 988,000/ha 82 Ridgway
Jones 1968 green peach larvae 217,600/ha 48 Sh
ands et al. 1972 aphid Colorado eggs 11 0 Shu
vakhina 1975 potato eggs 11 74 Beglyarov
Smetnik 1977 beetle larvae 120 95 Shuvakhina
1975 larvae 11 100 Beglyarov Smetnik
1977 tulip tree eggs 50,000/tree 0-10 Dreistad
t et al 1986 aphid leafhopper eggs 20,000/
ha 0-35 Daane et al. 1993,1995,1997 Literature
search used AGRICOLA, BIOS, and summary articles
(1960-2003).
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Why Not in Field Crops?
1) Insectary Production of Lacewings 2) Field
Trials in California Vineyards Laboratory 3)
Current Problems, Future Solutions Commercial
Release Methods Prey Selection
Environment Lacewing Species
, Cage
and Commercial
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1.0 mm
1.0 mm
egg
adult
Target Pest Variegated leafhopper (Erythroneurae
variabilis, Hemiptera Ciccadellidae) California
vineyards
1.0 mm
3rd instar
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feeds on leaf mesophyll
late season defoliation
cosmetic damage
harvest operations
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1980s Vineyard IPM Billboard for
insecticides Resistance increasing 2nd pest
outbreaks Public concerns Insecticide
alternatives
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Laboratory feeding studies
5th instar leafhopper
3rd instar lacewing
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Lacewing feeding studies conducted on grape
bouquets
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Chrysoperla Prey Consumption ca. 250 large
leafhoppers
300
200
3rd instar LW

• Leafhoppers consumed
• (cumulative)

100
2nd instar LW
0
1st instar LW
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time (days)
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Examples of Chrysoperla Feeding Studies
LW Stage Prey Prey stage Prey killed Reference
1st Potato aphid nymphs 18 Tommasini Mosti
2001 2nd (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) 32 3rd
173 1st3rd Cabbage moth eggs 312 Klingen et
al. 1996 (Mamestra brassicae) small
larvae 200 1st3rd Spider mite eggs gt12,500 Seng
onca (Tetranychus urticae) Coeppicus
1985 1st3rd Green peach aphid nymphs 140 El
Arnaouty et al. 1996 (Myzus persicae) 1st3rd
Pink bollworm eggs 932 Shalaby et al.
1999 (Pectinophora gossypiella) small larvae 443
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Examples of Chrysoperla Feeding Studies
LW Stage Prey Prey stage Prey killed Reference
1st Potato aphid nymphs 18 Tommasini Mosti
2001 2nd (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) 32 3rd
173 1st3rd Cabbage moth eggs 312 Klingen et
al. 1996 (Mamestra brassicae) small
larvae 200 1st3rd Spider mite eggs gt12,500 Seng
onca (Tetranychus urticae) Coeppicus
1985 1st3rd Green peach aphid nymphs 140 El
Arnaouty et al. 1996 (Myzus persicae) 1st3rd
Pink bollworm eggs 932 Shalaby et al.
1999 (Pectinophora gossypiella) small larvae 443
31
Examples of Chrysoperla Feeding Studies
LW Stage Prey Prey stage Prey killed Reference
1st Potato aphid nymphs 18 Tommasini Mosti
2001 2nd (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) 32 3rd
173 1st3rd Cabbage moth eggs 312 Klingen et
al. 1996 (Mamestra brassicae) small
larvae 200 1st3rd Spider mite eggs gt12,500 Seng
onca (Tetranychus urticae) Coeppicus
1985 1st3rd Green peach aphid nymphs 140 El
Arnaouty et al. 1996 (Myzus persicae) 1st3rd
Pink bollworm eggs 932 Shalaby et al.
1999 (Pectinophora gossypiella) small larvae 443
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Lacewing Feeding and Prey Size
Laboratory studies of lacewing larvae feeding on
the brown citrus aphid (Toxoptera citricida) show
the larger the prey size the fewer are killed
(Michaud. 2001. Journal Applied Entomology).
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Cage studies
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Not a commercial release method hand-release
of 1st or 2nd instar lacewing
35
Results of Cage Study
100
80
a
a
a
a
control
a
a
a
ab
ab
a
eggs
60
Leafhoppers / leaf
a
b
b
b
b
b
40
larvae
5
0
15
10
Time (in days)
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Cage Studies Often Show Pest Reduction
Cages can produce glasshouse environment
Lacewing release for Russian wheat aphid
(Diuraphis noxia) on susceptible or resistant
wheat (Messina Sorenson. 2001. Biological
Control.
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Commercial programs 3 vineyards (4 reps
each) Egg release Grower-methods
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Eggs and corn grit 3,000-5,000 per
release Dropped from above Lands on leaf / ground
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Results from a Single Vineyard
No Release Egg Release Release Dates
25
20
15
Leafhopper nymphs / leaf
10
5
0
Aug
Sep
Jul
May
Jun
Apr
Nov
Oct
Daane et al. 1996, Environ. Entomol.
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Lacewing Effectiveness Leafhopper Reduction
6
4
2
Leafhopper reduction in release plots
0
-2

• 0

10
20
30
40
50
Leafhopper density in no-release plots
Daane et al. 1996, Environ. Entomol.
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Commercial Programs - Example Avocado
Thrips Hoddle et al. 2001. (Biological Control)
Hoddles team Egg releases 500 eggs / tree /
release Two release methods Commercial practices
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Eggs with Blower
Eggs on Card
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What Went Wrong?
1) Insectary Production of Lacewings 2) Field
Trials in California Vineyards Laboratory, Cage,
and Commercial 3) Current Problems, Future
Solutions Commercial Release Methods Prey
Selection Environment Lacewing Species
44
Release Methods and Egg Distribution
100
80
Lacewing eggs / 25 ml sample
60
40
20
Late release
Before release
Early release
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Release Methods and Egg Survival
100
Dead eggs in cup Dead larvae in cup Live larvae
dispersing
80
60
Lacewing egg condition ()
40
20
0
Corn husks
No Corn husks
46
In Vineyards, there was also the problem of eggs
falling to the ground, . or
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. or falling prey to other predators.
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Intraguild Predation - Example Cotton
Aphid Rosenheim et al. 1993. (Oecologia)
0.6
8
7
0.5
6
0.4
5
4
Per capita aphid growth
Per capita aphid growth
0.3
3
0.2
2
1
0.1
0
0
-1
LN
LZ
L
LG
N
Z
A
G
LN
LZ
L
LG
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What Can be Improved?
1) Insectary Production of Lacewings 2) Field
Trials in California Vineyards Laboratory, Cage,
and Commercial 3) Current Problems, Future
Solutions Commercial Release Methods Prey
Selection Environment Lacewing Species
50
Prey Specificity Lacewings as generalist
predators
C. carnea neonate lacewings small, slow, fragile
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Release Rate Affects Leafhoppers Killed
0.4
(ca. 1,000 US / ha)
a
0.2
bc
bc
b
bc
bc
c
0.0
Per capita leafhopper growth
0.2
0.4

• 0

10
50
100
250
500
1000
Number lacewing eggs released / vine
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Example of Prey Specificity for
Lacewings Mealybugs
Problems with ovisac large mealybugs
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Crop Environment will Impact Lacewings
C. carnea prefers ground vegetation C. rufilabris
prefers humid environments (Tauber et al. 2001,
American Entomologist)
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Crop Environment will Impact Lacewings
C. carnea resistance to some insecticides (Grafton
-Cardwell et al. 1985. J. Econ. Entomol. Bigler.
1988. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin)
C. externa is impacted by novel compounds (Godoy
et al. 2004. Neotrop. Entomol. Carvalho et al.
2002. Crop Prot. Carvalho et al. 2003. Crop
Prot.)
56
Crop Environment will Impact Lacewings
Impact of transgenic Bt on lacewings
Researchers have shown that Bt in crops can move
from prey to lacewing (Dutton et al. 2002. Ecol.
Entomol. Hilbeck et al. 1998a,b. Environ.
Entomol.)
However, field and lab studies show little
detrimental impact on lacewing bio-control (Pliche
r et al. 2005. Environ. Entomol Obrist et al.
2006. Ecol. Entomol. Rodrigo Simón et al. 2006.
Appl. Environ. Micro.)
57
Crop Environment will Impact Lacewings
Resistant Cultivars/Silica and Chrysoperla
Novel studies have shown that resistant cultivars
or silicon applications can reduce pests with no
negative impact on lacewings (Figueira Ivan
Cruz. 2002. Neotrop. Entomol. Moraes et al.
2004. Neotrop. Entomol. Figueira Lara. 2004.
Neotrop. Entomol.)
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Crop Environment will Impact Lacewings
Crop and Adult Chrysoperla oviposition
Plant volatiles impact lacewing orientation and
oviposition (Reddy. 2002. Biol. Control Ballal
Singh. 1999. Biol. Control)
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Crop Environment will Impact Lacewings
Crop and Adult Chrysoperla oviposition
Extrafloral nectars and Food Influence
Oviposition and Survival (Hagen et al. 1970 Proc.
Tall Timber Conf. Limburg Rosenheim. 2001.
Biol. Control)
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Lacewing Species
Chrysoperla carnea Chrysoperla rufilabris have
dominated commercial production, but are these
the best lacewing species? Again, work in the
neotropics has recently led research efforts.
61
Lacewing Species
Published articles provide examples of good
lacewing species that are overlooked gt300 on
Chrysoperla gt400 on Chrysopa 14 on Ceraeochrysa 3
on Chrysopodes 2 on Leucochrysa
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Lacewing Species
Novel work on Chrysoperla externa (Mecaedo et
al. 2003. Neotrop. Entomol.) and Leucochrysa spp.
(Mantoanelli et al. 2006. Ann Entomol. Soc. Am.)
As has studies of trash-carrying lacewings
(Ceraeochrysa cubana, C. smithi) (Lopez-Arroyo et
al. Environ.)
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Future of Commercial Lacewing Release Programs
1) Insectary Production of Lacewings 2) Field
Trials in California Vineyards 3) Current
Problems, Future Solutions Commercial Release
Methods Prey Selection Environment
Lacewing Species