North Africa and Southwest Asia

1
North Africa and Southwest Asia

• WGEOG92Y

2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
The Middle East Essential Questions

• LOCATION How has location affected the peoples
  of the Middle East?
• PLACE How has the environment shaped the people
  of the Middle East?
• What religious ideas began and are associated
  with the region?
• How did Imperialism and Nationalism affect the
  region?

5

• The Nile River valley and ancient Egypt, one of
  the worlds great civilizations, formed a
  cultural hearth.
• North Africa shares the Arabic language and the
  Islamic religion and culture with Southwest Asia.

NEXT
6
North Africa
Roots of Civilization in North Africa
North African Countries Algeria, Egypt, Libya,
Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia Egypt Blossoms Along the
Nile Niles flooding provides water, rich
soil, to help civilization grow Nile villages
united into first Egyptian dynasty around 3100
B.C. - Pharaohs rule Egypt for 2,600 years
Egyptian geometry and medicine are spread by
trade Carthage Legend says great ancient city
of Carthage was founded in 814 B.C. - location
on Gulf of Tunis peninsula make it a trade
center
Continued . . .
NEXT
7
continued Roots of Civilization in North Africa
Islam in North Africa Over time, invaded by
Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians, Ottoman Turks
Islam is main cultural, religious
influence - monotheistic religion based on
Muhammads teachings Southwest Asian
Muslims invade North Africa in A.D. 632 - take
Egypt in 634 control whole region by
750 Muslims bind territory with sea-linked
trade zones
NEXT
8
Economics of Oil
Black Gold Oil has replaced cash crops, mining
as economic base - transformed economies of
Algeria, Libya, Tunisia Oil also causes
problems - Libyas workforce lacks training,
education to work in oil industry - high-paying
oil jobs go to foreign workers - despite oil,
unemployment remains high - Libyan workers
migrate to Europe for jobs
NEXT
9
A Culture of Markets and Music
North African Souks Souks (marketplaces) are
located in the medina (old section of
town) - best are in Marrakesh,
Morocco - high-pressure sales and fierce
bargaining over clothes, spices, food Protest
Music Raifast-paced Algerian music is
developed in 1920s by urban youth - before
independence in 1962, rai expresses anger at
French colonizers - today, rai is criticized by
Islamic fundamentalists for Western style - rai
now a form of rebellion against Islamic
fundamentalists
NEXT
10
Changing Roles of Women
Women and the Family Homes are centered around
males, few women work after marriage Womens
roles are changing, especially in
Tunisia - multiple wives are prohibited both
spouses can seek divorces - high spouse-abuse
penalties no more arranged marriages for young
girls More women have professional jobs, with
equal pay for equal jobs - hold 7 of Tunisian
parliamentary seats - manage 9 of businesses in
Tunis, Tunisias capital
NEXT
11
Physical Geography of Southwest Asia Harsh and
Arid Lands
Southwest Asias land is mostly arid or desert.
The region is defined by the resource it
lackswater, and the one it has in abundanceoil.
Sandstone near Wadi Madakhil, Saudi Arabia.
NEXT
12
The Middle East

• Also known as Southwest Asia.
• Crossroads of the World
• Consists of Southwest Asia, Southeast Europe and
  Northern Africa.
• River Valleys
• Nile
• Tigris-Euphrates
• Mesopotamia

13
The Middle East

• Deserts
• Sahara
• Arabian
• Rub al Khali or Empty Quarter
• Mountains
• Atlas (Morocco)
• Pontic and Taurus (Turkey)
• Elburz and Zagros (Iran)

14
The Middle East

• Northern Tier
• Plateau of Iran
• Plateau of Anatolia
• Arabian Peninsula
• Fertile Crescent?
• Fertile Fish-hook
• Breadbasket in the Desert

15
The Southwest Asian landforms have had a major
impact on movement in the region.
The most valuable resources in Southwest Asia
are oil and water.
NEXT
16
Landforms and Resources
Landforms Divide the Region
Shifting Plates Southwest Asia forms a land
bridge between Asia, Africa, Europe Region is
at edge of a huge tectonic plate - parts of
Arabian Peninsula are pulling away from
Africa - parts of Anatolian Peninsula are
sliding past parts of Asia - other plates are
pushing up mountains in other parts of Asia
Continued . . .
NEXT
17
continued Landforms Divide the Region
Peninsulas and Waterways Arabian Peninsula
lies between Red Sea and Persian Gulf Red Sea
covers a rift valley created by Arabian plate
movement Zagros, Elburz, Taurus mountains at
north side cut off part of region Anatolian
Peninsula (Turkey) is between Black and
Mediterranean seas Strategic waterways include
Suez Canal from Red Sea to Mediterranean - Bospo
rus and Dardenelles straits connect to Russia,
Asia
Continued . . .
NEXT
18
continued Landforms Divide the Region
Plains and Highlands Arabian Peninsula is
covered by dry, sandy, windy plains - wadisriver
beds that are dry except in rainy season Iran
has stony, salty, sandy desert plateau surrounded
by mountains Anatolian Peninsula is plateau
with some agriculture, grazing Afghanistans
Northern Plain is farming area surrounded by
mountains Golan Heights (Al Jawlan)plateau
near Jordan River, Sea of Galilee - site of
conflict due to strategic location
Continued . . .
NEXT
19
continued Landforms Divide the Region
Mountains Afghanistans Hindu Kush Mountains
help frame southern Asia - country is isolated
by its landlocked, mountainous terrain Irans
Zagros Mountains isolate it from rest of
Southwest Asia - Elburz Mountains cut Iran off
from the Caspian Sea Taurus Mountains separate
Turkey from rest of Southwest Asia Goods,
people, ideas move through region in spite of
mountains
Continued . . .
NEXT
20
continued Landforms Divide the Region
Water Bodies Region is surrounded by bodies of
water few rivers flow all year The Tigris and
the Euphrates rivers flow through Turkey, Syria,
Iraq - Fertile Crescent supported several
ancient civilizations - parallel rivers meet at
Shatt al Arab, empty into Persian Gulf Jordan
River flows from Lebanons Mt. Hermon between
Israel, Jordan Empties into Dead
Sealandlocked salt lake that only bacteria live
in - lowest place on earths exposed crust
1,349 feet below sea level
NEXT
21
Resources for a Modern World
An Oil-Rich Region Oil is regions most
abundant resource - oil fields located in
Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Iraq - provide major
part of those nations income Half of the
worlds oil reserves are in Southwest
Asia - found along Persian Gulf coast or at
offshore sites U.S. and many other countries
depend on oil reserves
Continued . . .
NEXT
22
continued Resources for a Modern World
Other Resources In some parts of region, the
most valuable resource is water Water is
relatively plentiful in Turkey, Iran, Lebanon,
Afghanistan - harnessed for hydroelectric power
In other regions, water is scarce must be
guarded, conserved Coal, copper, potash,
phosphate deposits mostly small,
scattered - Iran, Turkey have large coal
deposits - salts like calcium chloride around
Dead Sea have not been developed
NEXT
23
Section 2
Climate and Vegetation
Most of Southwest Asia has a very arid climate.
Irrigation is critical to growing crops in this
very dry region.
NEXT
24
The Middle East

• Climate
• One of the driest area in the world.
• Close proximity to Equator.
• Warm winters
• Very HOT summers
• Less than 10 inches of precipitation annually
• Prone to flash floods.

25
Climate and Vegetation
Variety in Arid Lands
Mostly Dry and Desert, but Some Green Most
areas get less than 18 inches of precipitation a
year Rough, dry terrain includes sand dunes,
salt flats Rivers dont flow all year plants,
animals live on little water - in many areas
irrigation turns desert into farmland Other
areas have Mediterranean climate green, lush
part of each year Mountain ranges and plateaus
have highland climates
NEXT
26
Deserts Limit Movement
Sandy Deserts Rub al-KhaliArabian Peninsula
desert, known as the Empty Quarter - 250,000
square miles, with dunes as high as 800
feet - 10 years can pass without rain Nearby
An-Nafud Desert contains the occasional
oasis - desert area where underground spring
water supports vegetation Syrian Desert is
between Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and Fertile
Crescent Israels Negev Desert produces crops
through irrigation
Continued . . .
NEXT
27
continued Deserts Limit Movement
Salt Deserts In Iran, high mountains block
rain dry winds increase evaporation - loss of
moisture in soil leaves chemical salts, creates
salt flat Irans salt flat deserts
- Dasht-e Kavir in central Iran - Dasht-e Lut
in eastern Iran Land is salt-crusted,
surrounded by salt marshes, very hot - almost
uninhabited, its a barrier to easy travel across
Iran
NEXT
28
Semi-Arid Lands
The Edge of the Desert Fringes of deserts have
semiarid climate Warm to hot summers enough
rainfall for grasses, shrubs - cotton and wheat
can be grown Good pasture for animals - herds
of mohair goats raised in Turkey - mohair hair
and fabrics from it are among Turkeys exports
NEXT
29
Well-Watered Coast Lands
The Mediterranean Coast Areas along
Mediterranean coast and in Turkey have adequate
rainfall - hot summers, rainy winters promote
citrus fruits, olives, vegetables Mild
winters and summer irrigation let farmers grow
crops all year Areas are heavily populated due
to comfortable climate The Tigris and Euphrates
River valleys the site of intensive farming
for thousands of years - Turkey, Iraq built dams
on rivers to provide irrigation all year
NEXT
30
Section 3
Human-Environment Interaction

• Water is critical to regional physical survival
  and economic development.
• Discovery of oil increased the global economic
  importance of Southwest Asia.

NEXT
31
Human-Environment Interaction
Providing Precious Water
Dams and Irrigation Systems Large farms and
growing populations require dams,
irrigation - Turkey is building dams and a
man-made lake on upper Euphrates - controversial
project will deprive downstream countries of
water Israels National Water Carrier
project - takes water from northern
areas - carries it to central, south, Negev
Desert - water flows through several countries
so project creating conflict
Continued . . .
NEXT
32
continued Providing Precious Water
Modern Water Technology Drip irrigationsmall
pipes slowly drip water just above ground
Desalinization removes salt from ocean water
at treatment plants - plants are expensive,
cannot provide enough water Wastewater can be
treated and used for agriculture Fossil water
is pumped from underground aquifers - water has
been in aquifer for long periods of
time - rainfall wont refill aquifers only
2530 years of usage remain
NEXT
33
Oil From the Sand
Forming Petroleum Oil, natural gas deposits
formed millions of years ago - sea covered area
remains of plants, animals mingled in sand,
mud - pressure and heat slowly transformed
material into hydrocarbons Oil, gas are not in
underground pools, but in the tiny pores of
rocks - nonporous rock barriers trap gas, oil
below surface - makes oil difficult to find,
remove - wasnt found in region until 192030s
Continued . . .
NEXT
34
continued Oil From the Sand
Early Exploration Industrialization,
automobiles increase need for petroleum First
oil discovery in region was in 1908 in Persia
(now Iran) - more oil fields found in Arabian
Peninsula, Persian Gulf in 1938 In 1948,
al-Ghawar field discovered at eastern edge of Rub
al-Khali - became one of worlds largest oil
fields - contains one-quarter of Saudi Arabias
oil reserves
Continued . . .
NEXT
35
continued Oil From the Sand
Transporting Oil Crude oil is petroleum that
has not been processed - refinery converts crude
oil into useful products Pipelines move crude
oil to refineries, ports - ports on Persian
Gulf, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea - tankers carry
petroleum to world markets In some places
refineries process crude oil near ports
Continued . . .
NEXT
36
continued Oil From the Sand
Risks of Transporting Oil Largest oil spill
was in January 1991, during Persian Gulf
War - Kuwaiti tankers, oil storage tanks were
blown up - 240 million gallons of crude oil
spilled into water, land Buried pipelines
reduce accidents are monitored for leaks
Tankers are a high pollution risk operate in
shallow, narrow waters - double hulls help
prevent some spills
NEXT
37
Human Geography of Southwest Asia Religion,
Politics, and Oil
The rise of major religions thousands of years
ago and the discovery of oil in the past century
have drastically shaped life in Southwest Asia.
An offshore oil rig in the United Arab Emirates.
NEXT
38
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle East)
39
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle East)

• Geographical Issues
• Location
• Water Issues
• Economic Issues
• Political Issues
• Security Issues

40
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle East)

• The Middle East is the Crossroads of the
  World.
• Confluence of
• Social ideas
• Religion
• Political Philosophies
• Autocratic v. Plurality
• Economic systems
• Command v. Market

41
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle East)

• Water Issues
• Resources
• Fresh Water v. Salt Water
• Sustenance
• Haves v. Have-nots
• Water as a Weapon
• Transportation
• Trade Routes

42
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle East)

• Economic Issues
• Agricultural production is limited due to a lack
  of arable land.
• Growing population
• Limited Production
• Oil production is major economic activity in SWA.
• Refining capability

43
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle East)

• Political Issues
• Effect of Imperialism
• Regional Identity v. Individual Identity
• Super Power Proxies
• The Palestinians
• Israel

44
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle East)

• Security Issues
• Historical Setting
• Imperialism
• Cold War
• Arab/Palestinian v. Israeli
• Arab Secularism v. Islamic Fundamentalism

45
Middle Eastern History
46
(No Transcript)
47

• Zionism
• Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (OPEC)
• Bazaar
• Suqs
• Minarets
• Muezzin

48

• 9th Millennium BCE
• Beginnings of Agriculture
• First Domestication of Animals
• Animal Husbandry
• Circa 8350 BCE Jericho founded
• 7th Millennium BCE
• Pottery appears
• 6th Millennium BCE
• Irrigation begins
• Wheel and plough invented

49

• 5th Millennium BCE
• Sumerian writing begins
• 4th Millennium BCE
• Worlds first nation (Egypt) founded
• Sahara desertification begins
• Potters wheel developed
• Sail developed in Egypt
• 3rd Millennium BCE
• Pyramid building (Pyramids/Ziggurats)
• Bronze Age

50

• 2nd Millennium BCE
• Beginning of Iron Age
• Judaism begins
• Canaan dominated by Israelites
• Fall of Troy
• Assyrian Empire
• Rise of the Hittites

51

• 1st Millennium BCE
• Decline of Egypt
• Cyrus the Great conquers Babylon
• Persian Empire is born
• Hellenic Empire rises and falls
• Phoenicians spread phonetic alphabet

52

• 1st Millennium CE
• Beginning of Christianity and Islam
• Diaspora of the Jews
• Rise and Fall of Roman Empire
• Islamic Conquest of Middle East and Africa
• Algebra developed

53

• Balfour Declaration, 1917
• The Holocaust, 1935-1945
• British Mandate of Palestine
• 14 May 1948 Israel declares independence
• 15 May 1948 Arab countries declare war on
  Israel
• Suez War, 1956
• The Six-Day War, 1967
• Yom Kippur War, 1973

54

• Camp David Accords, 1978
• Lebanon Invasion, 1982
• The First Intifada, 1987
• The Oslo Accords, 1993
• Israel and Jordan sign peace treaty, 1994
• Israeli withdrawal from Gaza Strip, 2005

55
The Arabian Peninsula is heavily influenced by
the religious principles of Islam.
Oil production dominates the economy of the
region.
NEXT
56
The Arabian Peninsula
Islam Changes Desert Culture
Modern Nations of the Subregion Bahrain,
Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia Qatar, United Arab
Emirates, Yemen Town and Desert Bedouin nomads
moved from oasis to oasis, built strong family
ties - fought with other families, developed
fighting skills Fighting skills helped spread
new monotheistic religion of Islam - religion
based on teachings of founder, the Prophet
Muhammad - Muhammad lived in Mecca, Islams
holiest city
Continued . . .
NEXT
57
continued Islam Changes Desert Culture
Islam Brings a New Culture The Five Pillars
are required of all Muslims create common
culture Faithall believers must
testify - There is no God but Allah, and
Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah
Prayerpray facing Mecca five times a day
mosqueplace of worship Charitygive money to
the less fortunate Fastingin the holy month
of Ramadan, dont eat, drink during day
Pilgrimageall Muslims should make hajj to
Mecca once in their life
Continued . . .
NEXT
58
continued Islam Changes Desert Culture
The Spread of Islam Armies of Bedouin fighters
move across desert - conquer desert lands, put
Muslim leaders in control - spread Islamic
teachings, Arabic language and culture Muslim
armies spread across Asia, Africa, Europe - by
Middle Ages, large area of world is Muslim
controlled
NEXT
59
Governments Change Hands
Colonial Powers Take Control Muslim
governments were theocraticreligious leaders
were in control - still true in some modern
nations, such as Iran In late 1600, Muslim
nations weaken - Britain, France control most of
region after WWI, fall of Ottomans - colonial
value Suez Canal is vital link oil discovered
(1932) Abdul al-Aziz Ibn Saud takes control of
most of Arabian Peninsula - becomes Saudi Arabia
in 1932
NEXT
60
Oil Dominates the Economy
OPEC Oil is principle resource of economy,
makes region globally important - source of
almost all of nations export money, GNP In
1960, oil-producing nations form economic
group - OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries - coordinate petroleum-selling
policies, control worldwide oil
prices - includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar,
United Arab Emirates, Iran, Iraq
NEXT
61
Modern Arabic Life
The Change to Urban Life Rapid development as
technology undermines traditional
lifestyles - trucks replace camels malls
replace marketplaces Villagers, farmers,
nomads move into cities - 25 urban in 1960 58
by 1990s estimated 70 by 2015 - Saudi
population 83 urban Oil jobs require skilled
workers educational systems cant
provide - foreign workers brought in
1
Continued . . .
NEXT
62
continued Modern Arabic Life
Religious Duties Shape Lives Women often cover
their heads, faces with scarf, veil - womens
roles are slowly expanding more are educated,
working Prayers performed dawn, noon,
mid-afternoon, sunset, before bed - attend
mosque services on Fridays Fasting in Ramadan
reinforces spirituality, self-control,
humility - Id al-Fitr marks end of Ramadan with
gifts, dinners, charity
NEXT
63
Section 2
The Eastern Mediterranean
The holy places of three religions are found in
this subregion.
There is a great deal of political tension
among nations in this subregion.
NEXT
64
The Eastern Mediterranean
Religious Holy Places
Jewish Presence Jerusalem is a holy city to
all three major monotheistic religions
Jerusalem is capital of Israel center of
modern, ancient homeland Temple Mount in old
city housed earliest temples - King Solomons
First Temple - Second Temple built in 538 B.C
Today Jews pray at Western Wall (Wailing
Wall) - sole remainder of Second Temple
(destroyed by Romans in A.D. 70)
Continued . . .
NEXT
65
continued Religious Holy Places
Christian Heritage Jerusalem is sacred site of
Jesus crucifixion - nearby towns, villages were
important in Jesus life Christians visit
Mount of Olives, Church of Holy Sepulchre In
Middle Ages, they fought Crusades to regain lands
from Muslims - Muslims eventually regained
control of the area - They maintained control
until establishment of Israel in 1948
Continued . . .
NEXT
66
continued Religious Holy Places
Islamic Sacred Sites Jerusalem is third most
holy Muslim city after Mecca, Medina Dome of
the Rockshrine where its believed Muhammad rose
to heaven - Jews believe its site where
Abraham prepared to sacrifice Isaac Dome and
Al-Aqsa mosque are located on Temple Mount by
Western Wall - close proximity of holy sites
fosters Jewish-Muslim clashes
NEXT
67
A History of Unrest
The Legacy of Colonialism Ottoman Empire ruled
region from 1520 to 1922, but weakened
Britain, France got lands after WWI defeat of
Ottomans, Germany - France took Lebanon, Syria
Britain took modern Jordan, Israel Both
supposed to rule only until areas are ready for
independence - France intentionally stoked
religious tensions between groups - Lebanon
became independent in 1943, Syria in 1946
Continued . . .
NEXT
68
continued A History of Unrest
British Control Palestine Zionism19th-century
movement for a Jewish homeland in
Palestine - Jews buy land, begin settling
After WWI, British control area Arabs, Jews
cooperate - German persecution increases number
of Jewish immigrants - Arabs begin to resist
Jewish state Area is divided Transjordan is
ruled by Arab government and British - Palestine
is ruled by British with Arab, Jewish local
governments
Continued . . .
NEXT
69
continued A History of Unrest
Creating the State of Israel After WWII, many
Jewish Holocaust survivors settle in
Palestine - UN divides Palestine into two
states one Jewish, one Arab Israel is created
in 1948 repels invasion by Arab states
Palestinian Arabs flee - Palestinian land on
West Bank, Gaza Strip is controlled by Israel
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) uses
politics, military to - regain land in, and
return of refugees to, Israel
NEXT
70
Modernizing Economies
Refugees and Civil Wars Creation of Israel
produces numerous Palestinian refugees - today
they number 3.6 million across the region some
in camps - many struggle for food, shelter,
jobs lack education - Jordan has the largest
Palestinian refugee population Civil wars in
Lebanon, Cyprus cause economic problems - Lebanon
war in 197576 led to Israel invading Lebanon in
1982
Continued . . .
NEXT
71
continued Modernizing Economies
Modern Infrastructure Regions nations have
potential for development - climate for citrus
crops, sites for tourism - location connects
them to markets in Europe, Asia, Africa Many
nations lack infrastructure to support growing
economy - irrigation is needed for
agriculture - communication systems, power
sources needed for industry Israel has built
sophisticated industries, like computer software
NEXT
72
Section 3
The Northeast

• The nations in this subregion are Muslim but
  most are not part of the Arab culture.
• The nations in the Northeast range from developed
  to very poorly developed.

NEXT
73
The Northeast
A Blend of Cultures
Nations of the Region Turkey, Iran, Iraq,
Afghanistan Early Civilizations Iraqs Fertile
Crescent between Tigris, Euphrates a cultural
hearth - early civilizations include Sumer,
Babylonia, Assyria, Chaldea - all built empires
in Mesopotamia, the land between the rivers
Hittite empire covered modern Turkey,
introduced iron weapons Persian empire
developed in what is now Iran - introduced
innovations in governmental organization
Continued . . .
NEXT
74
continued A Blend of Cultures
Ethnic and Religious Variety Subregions
ethnic groups include Turks, Kurds, Persians,
Assyrians - languages (Turkish, Farsi) are
different from Arabic All groups (except
Assyrians) are Islamic, but tensions
exist - after Muhammads death, Muslims divided
into two branches - 83 of all Muslims are
Sunni most Iranians are Shiite
NEXT
75
Clashes Over Land
Homelands and Refugees Kurdsstateless ethnic
group located in Turkey, Iraq, Iran - promised
homeland after WWI, but never got it Iran has
worlds largest refugee population - Iraqi
Shiites flee persecution - decades of war
create Afghan refugees Control of Oil Fields
In 1980s, Iran, Iraq fight war over Persian
Gulf oil fields Iraq invades Kuwait in 1990
driven out in Persian Gulf War
NEXT
76
(No Transcript)
77
Clashes Over Leadership
Overthrow of the Taliban Talibanfundamentalist
Muslim political group rules Afghanistan - prote
cts Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda terrorist
network After 911 attacks, U.S. attacks
Afghanistan in October 2001 - Operation Enduring
Freedom targets terrorist assets,
infrastructure - Taliban removed from power by
March 2002 - Hamid Karzai heads transitional
government - Osama bin Laden and some Taliban
leaders escape
Continued . . .
NEXT
78
(No Transcript)
79
continued Clashes Over Leadership
Overthrow of Saddam Hussein After Gulf War, UN
orders Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein to
disarm - ordered to destroy chemical, biological
weapons President George W. Bush turns focus
to Iraq in 2002 - Bush believes Hussein has
weapons of mass destruction - U.S., U.K. attack
Iraq in Operation Iraqi Freedom, March
2003 - major fighting ends in May 2003 Hussein
captured in December 2003
NEXT
80
(No Transcript)
81
Reforming Economies
Making Progress Turkey is developing water
resources, hydroelectric plants - supply energy,
boost cotton and other agricultural
production - only nation in region that produces
steel - location between Europe, Asia is ideal
for trade Changes in Irans government bring
economic progress - current government supports
change - oil money funds development
Continued . . .
NEXT
82
continued Reforming Economies
Progress Interrupted Economic sanctions on
Iraq after Gulf War limited trade - created
shortages of food, medicine Afghanistan is one
of worlds poorest nations - most people farm or
herd animals - mineral resources remain
undeveloped due to civil wars, turmoil - post-Tal
iban transitional government is rebuilding
economy
NEXT
83
Modern and Traditional Life
Division and Struggle Regions nations face
internal struggles - some seek modern lifestyle,
others want to preserve traditions In
Afghanistan, Taliban had strict rules of
behavior - new government is restoring civil
liberties, improving education Taliban-like
groups in Turkey, Iran, Iraq have not gained
power - differences have led to conflicts,
political problems
NEXT
84
Todays Issues Southwest Asia
Oil and religion have shaped modern Southwest
Asia, but theyve also brought the region
lasting, often devastating conflicts and
challenges.
Kurdish refugees from Iraq travel through Turkey.
NEXT
85

• Economic growth brings foreign workers to the
  region.
• Political factors have shifted the regions
  population.

NEXT
86
Population Relocation
New Industry Requires More Workers
The Oil Boom Changes Economies and Lives Life
in Southwest Asia doesnt change much from
11001900 - some people live in villages,
cities others live nomadic lives Petroleum,
natural gas discovered in early 20th
century - Western oil companies leased land,
brought in technology, workers Oil profits
bring wealth to countries, urbanization
begins - road construction makes cities
accessible - thousands migrate to cities for
jobs
Continued . . .
NEXT
87
continued New Industry Requires More Workers
Foreign Workers Oil creates so many jobs that
local workers cant fill them all - oil
companies employ guest workers from South, East
Asia - mostly unskilled laborers do jobs native
peoples find unacceptable In places, immigrant
works outnumber native workers - 90 of United
Arab Emirates workers are immigrants
Continued . . .
NEXT
88
continued New Industry Requires More Workers
Problems of Guest Workers Cultural differences
exist between guest workers, employers - misunder
standings over customs can bring severe penalties
Often, workers live in special districts away
from Arab population - some are abandoned or
dont get wages for months Concerns over
intolerance, violence toward workers Some fear
immigrants weaken countries national identities
NEXT
89
Political Refugees Face Challenges
Stateless Nation After WWI, land intended for
Kurds was kept by Turkey, Iraq, Syria Kurds a
stateless nationpeople without land to legally
occupy Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria try
unsuccessfully to absorb Kurds - Kurds resist
governments control, are forcibly moved Iraq
forces Kurdish migration, uses chemical weapons
on settlements - In 2000, 70,000 Kurds are
displaced, many forced into camps
Continued . . .
NEXT
90
continued Political Refugees Face Challenges
Palestinian Refugees PalestiniansArabs and
descendents who lived in Palestinedisplaced - st
ateless nation living in relocation camps in
Israel, elsewhere When Israel is created,
Palestinian Arabs are promised a
homeland - during Israeli war of 1948, Israel
occupies some of those lands As many as 1
million Palestinians flee Israel, become
refugees - 52 camps in Lebanon, Jordan, Syria,
West Bank, Gaza Strip
Continued . . .
NEXT
91
(No Transcript)
92
continued Political Refugees Face Challenges
Palestinian Refugees West Bankstrip of land
on west side of Jordan River - originally
controlled by Jordan, but lost to Israel in 1967
Gaza Stripalong Mediterranean Sea northeast
of Sinai Peninsula - occupied by Israel in 1967
Refugees unable to return to Israeli areas
they claim - 8.2 million worldwide by
2005 Their demand to return to Palestine is at
heart of many regional conflicts
NEXT
93

• Oil wealth brings political and economic
  changes to the region.
• To achieve a diversified economy, countries need
  to improve infrastructure and resource use.

NEXT
94
Oil Wealth Fuels Change
Meeting the Global Demand
The Pros and Cons of Black Gold Oil (black
gold) fuels world industries, transportation,
economies - strategic commodityimportant
resource nations will fight over Region has
64 of worlds oil deposits, 34 of natural gas
reserves - by 2020 will provide 50 of world
demand Oil prices rise, fall unpredictably
revenue not assured - makes steady economic
growth difficult nations need to diversify
NEXT
95
Using Oil Wealth to Diversify
Modernizing the Infrastructure Saudi Arabia
builds roads, irrigation networks, agricultural
storage - also, desalinization plants to remove
salt from seawater Other nations build
airports, malls, ports - efforts are not always
well planned - UAE builds four international
airports that are underused Nations have made
an effort to build information technology systems
Continued . . .
NEXT
96
continued Using Oil Wealth to Diversify
Developing Resources Nations seek to
diversify, develop non-oil resources,
agriculture - governments build dams, dig wells
to tap underground reservoirs Saudi Arabia
uses oil profits to improve agriculture, water
supplies - by 1985 it met its demand for dairy,
meat, poultry, eggs - by 1992 it produced enough
grain for own needs, some export Oman revives
copper, chromium industries, reduces oil
dependence
Continued . . .
NEXT
97
continued Using Oil Wealth to Diversify
Human Resources Human resourcesskills and
talents of a nations people - nations must
invest in people, including women - must provide
education, technology training - Kuwait has free
education through university level - Kuwait also
pays fees, expenses if students study abroad
Many societies have strict rules about womens
roles - hard to get education or jobs shortages
create opportunities
NEXT