General Psychology Chapters 11: Motivation and Emotion

1
General Psychology Chapters 11Motivation and
Emotion
2

• Intrinsic motivation
• The desire to perform an act because it is
  satisfying or pleasurable in and of itself
• Extrinsic motivation
• The desire to perform an act to gain a reward or
  to avoid an undesirable consequence

3

• Activities that are intrinsically motivated
  generally are more likely to become a permanent
  part of our behavioral repertoire than those for
  which we received incentives or extrinsic rewards

4

• Maslows hierarchy of needs
• Abraham Maslow
• Proposed that our need for self-fulfillment
  depends on how well our needs for physical
  well-being, safety, belonging, and esteem have
  been met

5

• Variations in body weight
• Heredity
• Across all weight classes, from very thin to very
  obese, children adopted from birth tend to
  resemble their biological parents more than their
  adoptive parents in body size
• More than 40 genes appear to be related to
  obesity and body weight regulation
• Hormones
• leptin affects the feeding and satiety centers
  and is known to be a key element in the
  regulation of body weight

6

• Metabolic rate
• The rate at which the body burns calories to
  produce energy
• Physical activity uses up only about one-third of
  your energy intake the other two-thirds is
  consumed by the maintenance processes that keep
  you alive
• When there is an imbalance between energy intake
  and output, your weight changes

7

• Fat-cell theory
• Fat-cell theory proposes that obesity is related
  to the number of fat cells in the body
• number from 25 to 35 billion in normal-weight
  individuals

8

• Set-point theory
• Set-point theory suggests that humans are
  genetically programmed to carry a certain amount
  of body weight
• According to set-point theory, an internal
  homeostatic system functions to maintain
  set-point weight
• Increasing the amount of physical activity is the
  one method recommended for lowering the set point
  so that the body will store less fat

9

• Dieting
• The complexities of the processes involved in
  appetite regulation and energy metabolism explain
  why diets often do not work

10

• Eating disorders
• Anorexia nervosa
• An eating disorder characterized by an
  overwhelming, irrational fear of being fat,
  compulsive dieting to the point of
  self-starvation, and excessive weight loss
• Anorexia typically begins in adolescence, and
  most of those afflicted are females
• Anorexics perception of their body size is
  grossly distorted
• No matter how emaciated they become, they
  continue to perceive themselves as fat

11

• Among young female anorexics, weight loss
  eventually results in amenorrhea (loss of
  menstrual cycle)
• Anorexics may also develop low blood pressure,
  impaired heart function, dehydration, electrolyte
  disturbances, and sterility, as well as decreases
  in the gray matter volume in the brain, which are
  thought to be irreversible
• Psychological risk factors for eating disorders
  include being overly concerned about physical
  appearance, worrying about perceived
  attractiveness, and feeling social pressure in
  favor of thinness

12

• Bulimia nervosa
• An eating disorder characterized by repeated and
  uncontrolled episodes of binge eating, usually
  followed by purging, which is self-induced
  vomiting and/or the use of large quantities of
  laxatives and diuretics

13

• The stomach acid in vomit eats away at the teeth
  and may cause them to rot, and the delicate
  balance of body chemistry is destroyed by
  excessive use of laxatives and diuretics
• The bulimic may have a chronic sore throat, as
  well as a variety of other symptoms, including
  dehydration, swelling of the salivary glands,
  kidney damage, and hair loss
• Like anorexics, bulimics have high rates of
  obsessive-compulsive disorder

14
Expression of Emotion

• Range of emotion
• Development of facial expressions
• Consistency of emotional development across
  individual infants and across cultures supports
  the idea that emotional expression is inborn
• Basic emotions
• fear, anger, disgust, surprise, happiness or joy,
  sadness or distress

15
Experiencing Emotion

• Gender differences in experiencing emotion
• Men, more than women, experience jealousy over
  evidence or suspicions of sexual infidelity
• A women is more likely than a man to be jealous
  of her partners emotional attachment and
  commitment to another and over the attention,
  time, and resources diverted from the relationship

16

• Love
• Triangular theory of lovethree components
  intimacy, passion, and commitment singly and in
  various combinations produce seven different
  kinds of love
• Likingintimacy
• Infatuated lovepassion
• Empty lovecommitment
• Romantic loveintimacy and passion
• Fatuous lovepassion and commitment
• Companionate loveintimacy and commitment
• Consummate loveintimacy, passion, commitment