Human Development & Socialization

1
Human Development Socialization

• Chapter 8

2
Human Development

• Changes in physical, psychological Social
  behavior experienced by individuals across the
  life span from conception to death

3
Socialization

• The process by which the individual becomes a
  member of a particular culture takes on its
  values and behaviors

4
Ecological System

• Children are more than inborn predisposition
  growing within a larger cultural system
  (Vygotsky, 1932 Bronfenbrenner, 1979 Berry,
  1995)

5
TheEcologicalApproach
6
Quality of Life Child Development

• Family size family relationship correlate w/
  industrial financial advancement
• 2nd/3rd generation Mexican-American kids living
  in U.S. less altruistic than 1st generation w/
  less money (Knight Kagan, 1977)
• U.S. kids in families w/ less than 15, 000 are
  more likely to be abused (Berger, 1995)

7
Parental Instructions

• Vygotsky (1932) thought kids w/ knowledgeable
  partner advances their intellectual development
• Mexican mothers of low socioeconomic status use
  more tactile interactions (Zepeda, 1985)
• Preindustrial parents in Africa Pacific expect
  children to learn on their own (Rogoff, 1990)

8
Prenatal development
Conception
30 Hours
6 weeks
4 months
9
Attachment

• Attachment A deep emotional bond that an infant
  develops with its primary caretaker
• Contact Comfort In primates, the innate pleasure
  derived from close physical contact it is the
  basis of the infants first attachment.

10
Styles of Attachment

• Strange Situation Test A parent-infant
  separation and reunion procedure that is staged
  in a laboratory to test the security of a childs
  attachment
• Secure Attachment A parent-infant relationship
  in which the baby is secure when the parent is
  present, distressed by separation, and delighted
  by reunion
• Insecure Attachment A parent-infant relationship
  in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at
  separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to
  reunion.

11
Cognitive Development

• Language
• Thinking
• Moral Reasoning

12
Language

• Telegraphic Speech A childs first word
  combinations, which omit (as a telegram did)
  unnecessary words.
• Language Acquisition Device According to many
  psychologists, an innate mental module that
  allows young children to develop language if they
  are exposed to an adequate sampling of
  conversation.

13
Cognitive DevelopmentPiagets Theory

• Cognitive development consists of mental
  adaptations to new observations and experiences.
• Adaptation takes two forms
• Assimilation Absorbing new information into
  existing cognitive structures.
• Accommodation Modifying existing cognitive
  structures in response to experience and new
  information.

14
Piagets Stages of Thinking

• Infancy (Birth-2) Sensorimotor
• Thinking based on overtly physical acts
• Early childhood (2-6) Preoperational
• Overcoming limitations to logical thinking
• Due to one-sidedness (i.e., the inability to keep
  two aspects of a problem in mind), as seen in the
  beaker and wooden beads experiments
• Middle childhood (6-12) Concrete Operational
• Manipulation of symbols and internalized mental
  operations that combine, separate, and transform
  information logically
• Adolescence (12-19) Formal Operational
• Thinking systematically about all logical
  relations within a problem keen interest in
  abstract ideas and thinking itself

15
Conservation of Liquid Task
The critical question is always Why do you
think so?
16
Conservation of Substance Number

• Conservation of Substance
• Two identical balls of clay
• One is deformed
• Do the two pieces have the same amount of clay?
• Conservation of Number
• Two identical rows of pennies
• One row is rearranged
• Do the two rows have the same number of pennies?

17
Evaluating Piagets Theory

• Stage changes are neither as clear-cut nor as
  sweeping as Piaget believed.
• Children sometimes understand more than Piaget
  believed.
• Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget
  thought.
• Cognitive development depends on the childs
  education and culture
• Piaget overestimated the cognitive skills of many
  adults.

18
Moral Reasoning Kohlbergs Theory

• Preconventional Level
• Punishment and obedience
• Instrumental relativism
• Conventional Level
• Good boy-nice girl
• Society-maintaining
• Postconventional Level
• Social contract
• Universal ethical principles

19
Criticisms of Kohlbergs Theory

• Tends to overlook educational and cultural
  influences
• Some cultural differences not reflected in this
  theory
• Moral reasoning is often inconsistent across
  situations
• Connection between moral reasoning and moral
  behavior is often indirect

20
Gender Development

• Influences on Gender Development
• Gender Over the Life Span

21
Gender Development

• Biological Factors
• Cognitive Factors
• Learning Factors

22
Influences on Gender Development

• Gender Identity The fundamental sense of being
  male or female it is independent of whether the
  person conforms to social and cultural rules of
  gender.
• Gender Typing Process by which children learn
  the abilities, interests, personality traits, and
  behaviors associated with being masculine or
  feminine in their culture.

23
How Much Do Parents Matter?

• The Power of Parents
• Limits on Parental Influence

24
The Power of Parents

• Power Assertion A method of child rearing in
  which the parent uses punishment and authority to
  correct the childs misbehavior.
• Induction A method of child rearing in which the
  parent appeals to the childs own resources,
  abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings
  for others in correcting the childs misbehavior.

25
Limits on Parental Influence

• Temperaments
• Peers

26
Adolescence

• The Physiology of Adolescence
• The Psychology of Adolescence

27
The Physiology of Adolescence

• Adolescence The period of life from puberty to
  adulthood
• Puberty The age at which a person becomes
  capable of sexual reproduction.
• Menarche A girls first menstrual period
• Spermarche A boys first ejaculation

28
The Psychology of Adolescence

• Turmoil and Adjustment
• Separation and Connection

29
Adulthood

• Stages and Ages
• The Transitions of Life
• Old Age

30
Eriksons Eight Stages - I

• Trust vs. Mistrust
• Infancy (0-1 year)
• Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
• Toddler (1-2 years)
• Initiative vs. Guilt
• Preschool (3-5 years)
• Industry vs. Inferiority
• Elementary School (6-12 years)

31
Eriksons Eight Stages - II

• Identity vs. Role confusion
• Adolescence (13-19 years)
• Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Young adulthood (20-40 years)
• Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Middle adulthood (40-65 years)
• Integrity vs. Despair
• Late adulthood (65 and older)

32
The Transitions of Life

• Starting Out
• The Middle Years
• Menopause The cessation of menstruation and the
  production of ova it is usually a gradual
  process lasting up to several years.

33
Old Age

• Fluid Intelligence The capacity for deductive
  reasoning and the ability to use new information
  to solve problems it is relatively independent
  of education and tends to decline in old age.
• Crystallized Intelligence Cognitive skills and
  specific knowledge of information acquired over a
  lifetime it depends heavily on education and
  tends to remain stable over the lifetime.

34
Intellectual Changes Over the Lifespan

• Some intellectual abilities dwindle with age.
• Numerical and verbal abilities remain relatively
  steady over the years.

35
Are Adults Prisoners of Childhood?
36
Challenging Our Assumptions

• Recovery from war Only 20 of WWII war orphans
  had problems after being adopted and moving to
  the U.S. Most of these eventually established
  happy lives.
• Recovery from abusive or alcoholic parents Their
  children are at risk for developing these
  problems, but the majority do not.
• Recovery from sexual abuse More emotional and
  behavioral symptoms, but most adjust and recover.