War of 1812

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War of 1812

• Eagle is challenged
• Called Second War for Independence

2
Causes of the War of 1812

• 1. Freedom of the Seas
• neutrals had the right to trade with anyone
• France and England did not accept this - _at_ war!
• both need American aid
• demanded exclusive rights

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Causes of the War of 1812

• 2. Impressment of Sailors
• merchant ships were being stopped by British
  Royal Navy
• taking British sailors off of American ships
• would impress Am. Sailors into the Royal Navy

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Causes of the War of 1812

• 3. Land Crazed War Hawks
• wanted more land for America expansion
• Midwest was Great American Dessert
• British Canada and Spanish Florida
• willing to go to war
• Henry Henry of the West Clay - Kentucky
• John C. Calhoun - S. Carolina

John C. Calhoun
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Causes of the War of 1812

• 4. Trouble on the Frontier
• Shawnee Tecumseh and brother, Tenskwatawa the
  Prophet
• envisioned Indian confederation to prevent
  westward expansion in Ohio River Valley
• large army of braves gathered _at_ Tippecanoe/Wabash
  River
• Gen. William Henry Harrison meet Indians
• defeated Indians and destroyed The Prophets town
• Battle of Tippecanoe / Old Tippecanoe

Tecumseh
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• Congress calls movement a British scheme
• supplying Indians with weapons

Battle of Tippecanoe
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Causes of the War of 1812

• 4. National Honor
• restricting freedom of seas and impressment
  challenged Am. Honor
• fighting for respect
• national honor at stake

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War of 1812

• President Madison Declared War
• pushed by House Speaker Henry Clay
• in his address to Congress
• impressment
• interference with neutral commerce
• British alliances with western tribes
• failed to mention real reasons
• Am. Independence and honor
• desire for more land - Canada

Pres.. Madison
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War of 1812

• America is not ready for war
• army of only 12,000
• West Point had not produced enough officers
• turned to state militia
• U.S navy small compared to Royal Navy

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War of 1812

• Divided nation
• war support came from
• west and land hungry southerners
• anti -war fever from
• New England States
• called it Mr. Madisons War
• had important economic ties with British

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War of 1812

• Important Battles

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War of 1812

• Invasion of Canada fails
• Am. Troops meet British troops _at_ Detroit
• Indians join British forces
• surround Am. Army _at_ Detroit
• Am. Surrender without a fight
• days before Indians massacred Am. _at_ Fort Dearborn
  
• lost control of Northwest Territory

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War of 1812

• Naval Victories bolster morale
• 1. U.S.S. Constitution Old Ironsides defeat
  British ship Guerriere

U.S.S. Constitution
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• 2. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry
• defeated small British fleet on Lake Erie
• 3 hr battle
• We have met the enemy, and they are ours.
• US controls strategic water way

Captain Oliver Perry
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War of 1812

• Battle of Thames
• Gen. William Henry Harrison on the march
• defeated British and Indian forces
• Tecumeseh is killed - ends hope of Indian unity
• win back Northwest Territory
• marches onto York (Toronto)
• burns capital of Canada to the ground
• including Parliament building

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War of 1812

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend
• Gen. Andrew Jackson fighting the Creek Indians
• decisive victory in Alabama
• opens the door for Southern states to expand later

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War of 1812

• Washington D.C. is burned
• British marched in unopposed
• retaliation for the burning of York
• Dolly Madison saves picture of Washington

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War of 1812

• The Siege of Baltimore
• Americans successfully defend the city and Fort
  McHenry
• Francis Scott Key writes The Star Spangled
  Banner (1931)

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War of 1812

• The Treaty of Ghent
• doesnt decide issues that lead to war
• restores the pre-war status quo
• 1. boundaries between Canada and US are set
• 2. demilitarizes the Great Lakes
• 3. Oregon Territory placed under joint rule for
  the next 10 years

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The Battle of New Orleans

• unaware that peace was made British attack
• Gen. Andrew Jackson is heavily outnumbered
• defend New Orleans with an elaborate system of
  fortification - cotton barrels
• after two British frontal assaults - Am. Inflict
  massive losses

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The Battle of New Orleans
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The Battle of New Orleans

• Jackson Old Hickory becomes American hero!

In 1814 we took a little trip, Along with
Colonel Jackson down the Might Mississip. We took
a little bacon and we took a little beans, And
fought the Bloody British in the town of New
Orleans.