State-building, expansion and conflict

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State-building, expansion and conflict

• Political structures and forms of governance
• Empires
• Nations and nationalism
• Revolts and revolutions
• Regional, transregional, and global structures
  and organizations

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FOUNDATIONS
Hunter-Gatherers and Pastoral nomads have limited
political structure.
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With the development of farming and cities,
political organization becomes much more complex.
Why?
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Egypt and the Shang in China were highly
centralized. They developed bureaucracies,
dynasties, and used religion to justify the
position of the rulers.
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Classical empires were much more complex because
they were so large. They had to invent new ways
to keep their land together.
How did the classical empires accomplish this?
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Rome At first a republic ruled by aristocrats
w/ some shared power with the Senate and 2
consuls usually selected from the military.
Later, an empire with focus on military
conquest, colonization, and law codes. The ideal
was to use principle of the rule of law not
the rule by the whim of the emperor.
China
Mandate of Heaven, the emperor was the Sun of
Heaven housed in the Forbidden City.
Yellow Turban Revolt
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INDIA
What causes regionalism? Mauryan and Gupta gain
power through the military. The greatest of
the Mauryan kings was? Why?
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Africa is the anomaly

• Meanwhile, in Africa, the Bantu-based
• societies and others developed
• stateless societies which were
• centralized.
• decentralized.

How do you know?
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Post-Classical World600-1450
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WEST AFRICA

• Ghana and Mali
• Became rich by taxing traders
• Powerful military (see a pattern here?)
• Mali first major leader Sundiata and later Mansa
  Musa

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Islamic Empires

• After Muhammads death, the government set up
  rule by a Caliph.
• Abu Bakr was the first caliph supported by
  well-trained armies
• Aided by the weaknesses of the Persian and
  Byzantine empires

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Pastoral nomads which means they are a _________
___________?
Protect trade routes. Sounds familiar doesnt
it?
Mongols
Organized into regional Khanates which were
politically controlled by a relative with one
main ruler known as the Great Khan.
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TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES
TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES

• Equalfield system
• Strong support for transportation and
  communication
• Meritocracy
• Religion played a role
• Took tribute from their neighbors
• Hegemony over neighbors

• Expanded meritocracy
• Didnt emphasize the military as much so not as
  much hegemony
• Trade, communication and transportation still
  important

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YUAN Dynasty ruled by collecting tribute called
Tax Farming. This outsourcing of tax
collection led to corruption and rebellion and
ultimately to their downfall.
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Who really had the power in Japan? What do these
names have in common? Fujiwara, Minamoto,
Tokugawa
The feudal system was less centralized than some
areas, but more powerful than a local
government. Political values emphasized what?
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European Feudalism established political and
military relationships.
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Eastern Europe
Byzantium Justinian law codes the biggest
legacy. The ruler was absolute in power and
controlled the church as well.
Russia Copied Justinian law codes and organized
into a state by the 10thc. in Kiev.
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THE AMERICAS

• Maya city-states w/ no central govt.
• Aztecs central monarch in Tenochtitlan who
  didnt have absolute power a council of
  aristocrats made many decisions no elaborate
  bureaucracy
• Inca highly powerful centralized govt. the Inca
  owned all of the land elaborate bureaucracy
  road system enforced Incas power quipu kept
  records

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1450-1750
Power of nomads decreased because of sea trades
rising importance. Major maritime powers
were? Major Gunpowder Empires were?
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The Ming defeat the Yuan. Establish trade and
bureaucracy again! Send out trade expeditions to
start collecting tribute again! Afraid of
another invasion from the North and
Westagain! Begin to isolate themselves, because
Confucian bureaucrats were xenophobic.
Suffered from inept rulers who were isolated
from the empire in the Forbidden
City.again! Invaded by outsidersagain! Manchu
take the name Qingused Mandate of Heaven to
justify again!
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WESTERN EUROPE
The pope remained politically powerful. Treaty
of Tordesillas! Kings begin to shake
off feudalism and become more centralized
by taking on absolutism. In Spain and Portugal
they support exploration. Name those
kings! Later, so do France and England.
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Magna Carta 1215 listed the rights of the
nobility and created Parliament. King Henry VIII
Church and takes over the monasteries separates
from the Catholic church. Elizabeth I defeats
the Spanish Armada.
England
After the English Civil War the power of the king
is limited by the.of 1688 It greatly limited
the power of the king AND allowed wealthier
merchants to participate in the government
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Louis XIV said, Lstat cest moi! I AM THE
STATE! Absolutely! Kings were not gods, but
they were His lieutenants on earth. He greatly
weakened the power of the nobles and the feudal
system.
FRANCE
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Absolutists

• Russia and Peter the Great
• Wanted to westernize
• Reformed military and created the navy
• Reorganized bureaucracy/took titles away from
  nobles

• Ottoman Empire under Suleyman the Magnificent
  (sultan)
• Used captured Christian boys as skilled soldiers
  and bureaucrats-Janissaries
• Grand Vizier

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Colonies in the New World

• Spain and Portugal
• Developed large bureaucracies in urban areas
• Brought concepts of feudalism and absolutism with
  them

• English colonies had no bureaucracies
• Colonists et up their own structures like
  representative bodies and ran their own
  affairssalutary neglect