Osceola District Schools

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Osceola District Schools

• Laboratory Hygiene Program

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Module 7 Hazard Identification
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Hazard Identification

• Certain regulations require that the receivers
  and occasionally the shippers, must be identify
  hazardous chemicals before transporting them. In
  order to do this, teachers must be aware of and
  understand the various common warning and
  identification systems. There is a language to
  these systems that teacher must learn.

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Hazard Identification

• Each of these systems has its place and each has
  limitations. Some will affect the teachers job
  and others might be incidental. In some cases,
  such as the NFPA 704 M system, the process has
  been adopted for purposes other than intended by
  its creators. It is essential that we understand
  each.

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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals

• What do we mean by Identification? It is
  determining specifically what chemical or what
  chemical class is involved in a particular
  shipment or container. We do this in the lab
  continuously from the time we receive the
  chemical until it leaves our facility.

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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals

• Identification might mean that we see and
  understand a label on the container or that we
  read the warning label on the bottle or it might
  mean we know how to ascertain important
  information from a secondary container label. In
  all these cases there is information that we need.

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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals
Hazardous chemicals are classified by the
department of Department of Transportation in CFR
49. These hazard classes are common in almost
all systems in one respect or another. Here are
the classes. Note that some classes have
Divisions for further clarity.

• Explosives
• Gases
• Flammable
• Nonflammable
• Poisonous Inhalation Hazard
• Corrosive
• Flammable Liquids
• Oxidizers
• Oxygen
• Organic Peroxides

• Poisons
• Radioactive Materials
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous
• Other Regulated Materials

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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals

• PLACARDS AND LABELS
• Placards are found on transportation vehicles
  although one may occasionally see them on
  containers if the container is considered a Bulk
  Container. Placards are roughly 11 by 11 and
  are required on all four sides of a vehicle
  carrying a certain amount of the regulated
  chemical.
• Labels are very similar and are placed directly
  upon the shipping container. This might be a
  box, bottle, carboys, or cylinder. These labels
  are 4 by 4.

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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals

• PLACARDS AND LABELS
• DOT requires that all labels and placards use the
  same format. This format provides several
  indicators as to the class and division of the
  chemical in the container but note it does not
  provide chemical specific information.

Placards have a Pictograph Warning Word(s) DOT
Class Number
To see all class labels
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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals
PLACARDS AND LABELS

• DOT regulations require certain containers and
• vehicles be signed with placards that contain
• a 4 digit number.
• This number is called the United Nations Common
• Number and is a tool used to identify the
  chemical or chemical group. These numbers are
  also used on containers of hazardous waste
  although they are not usually required unless in
  shipment. You can look reference these UN
  Numbers in the Emergency Response Guidebook.

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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals

• One identification system has been around for
  many years. That is the NFPA 704M System for
  Fixed Facilities. The National Fire Protection
  Association created this system to mark buildings
  containing chemicals in which firefighters might
  be forced to fight fire. The system never really
  caught on nationally but has been given a second
  life in the marking of portable containers and
  hazardous waste containers. It is now fairly
  common on labels for chemicals.

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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals

• Each segment of the label using the NFPA 704M
  System denotes a particular hazard of the product
  in the container. The colors and the numbers are
  significant.
• The number range from 0 to 4 with each category
  having its own verbal equivalent.

Health
4 Can cause death or major injury despite
medical treatment. 3 Can cause serious injury
despite medical treatment. 2 Can cause injury.
Requires prompt treatment. 1 Can cause
irritation if not treated. 0 No hazard.
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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals
Fire

• NFPA 704M System for Fixed Facilities

• Flammability hazard
• 4 - Very flammable gases or very volatile
  flammable liquids.
• 3 - Can be ignited at all normal temperatures.
• 2 - Ignites if moderately heated.
• 1 Ignites after considerable preheating.
• 0 No hazard.

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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals
4 Readily detonates or explodes. 3 Can
detonate or explode but requires strong
initiating force or heating under confinement. 2
Normally unstable but will not detonate. 1
Normally stable. Unstable at high temperature and
pressure. Reacts with water. 0 Normally stable.
Not reactive with water.

• Color Coding
• NFPA 704M System for Fixed Facilities

Reactivity
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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals

• Color Coding
• NFPA 704M System for Fixed Facilities

OTHER (white) indicates special warnings. ACID
acid ALK alkali COR corrosive P subject
to polymerization when mixed with water OXY
oxidizing chemicals W - do not use water
          - Radiation Symbol (trefoil)
Special Information
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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals

• Portable containers of chemicals used in the lab
  and Hazardous Waste must be identified according
  to the hazards they represent. The NFPA 704M
  diamond may accompany a variety of hazardous
  waste stickers depending upon the company
  providing the label. There is no regulation that
  says specifically how these labels must appear.
  They may use the diamond or may simply use the
  same colors as the 704 system. They may also
  provide information on the safe handling of the
  material.

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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals
A Safety Glasses B Safety Glasses and Gloves C
Safety Glasses, Gloves and an Apron D Face
Shield, Gloves and an Apron E Safety Glasses,
Gloves and a Dust Respirator F Safety Glasses,
Gloves, Apron and a Dust Respirator G Safety
Glasses, a Vapor Respirator H Splash Goggles,
Gloves, Apron and a Vapor Respirator I Safety
Glasses, Gloves and a Dust/vapor Respirator J
Splash Goggles, Gloves, Apron and a Dust/vapor
Respirator K Airline Hood or Mask, Gloves, Full
Suit and Boots L - Z Custom PPE Specified by
Employer
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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals
A common misconception is that a gas cylinders
contents can be identified by the color of the
cylinder. Where some gas chemical companies may
chose to use the color coding system recommended
by the American National Standards Institute, it
is not mandatory in any sense.  
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Identifying Hazardous Chemicals
The following colors may be used by the medical
gas industry in the United States to aid in
identifying a medical gas.  
Carbon Dioxide - gray Helium - brown Medical
Air - yellow Nitrogen - black Nitrous Oxide -
blue Oxygen - green
Blends of medical gases use a combination of the
corresponding color for each component gas. For
example, oxygen and carbon dioxide would be green
and gray.
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Labeling Requirements
Primary Containers

• As the teacher receives each new chemical, care
  should be taken to protect the label on the
  container. The label has very valuable
  information as to formula and mixture. Each
  chemical should be accompanied by an MSDS. Make
  certain these are filed in the administration
  office as well as in the classroom lab.

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• Understanding and Using Material Safety Data
  Sheets (MSDS)

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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)

• The MSDS is used by chemical manufacturers and
  vendors to convey hazard information to users.
• MSDSs must be obtained when a chemical is
  purchased.
• A chemical inventory list, and MSDS, for each
  chemical are required to be maintained by all OSD
  facilities.

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Material Safety Data Sheets (contd)

• MSDSs have no prescribed format. They look very
  different depending upon the manufacturers
  preference. MSDSs are not ordinarily prepared
  by chemists or in some cases not even by
  specialists. OSHA has no criteria for those
  assigned to prepare them. It is therefore
  possible that data on the MSDS is in error. Any
  serious attempt to discover the properties of a
  chemical should utilize multiple resources.

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READING THE MSDSInformation on the MSDS is
organized in 8 sections as follows

• Identity The chemical name, trade name and
  manufacturers name, address and emergency phone
  number can be found here.
• Hazardous Ingredients Hazardous ingredients are
  identified here.
• Physical and Chemical Characteristics,
  Boiling/Melting point, vapor pressure and
  density, water solubility, and appearance/odor
  can be found here.
• Continued on next slide...

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READING THE MSDS
8 Sections Continued

• Fire Data Flash point, flammable limits,
  extinguishing media, unusual fire/explosion
  hazards, and any special fire fighting equipment
  are listed here.
• Health Data Routes of entry (inhalation,
  ingestion, etc), effects from short and long
  term exposure, emergency and first aid procedures
  fall in this section.
• Reactivity Data Stability, incompatible
  materials, hazardous decomposition are among the
  topics in this area.
• Continued on next slide...

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8 Sections Continued
READING THE MSDS

• Spill or Leak Procedures You will find clean-up
  procedures, waste disposal, and precautions
  needed when handling/storing materials here.
• Spill Precaution Information Any personal
  protective equipment (PPE), ventilation, and
  work/hygiene practices are noted here.

More on MSDS
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DEFINITIONS

• Flammable A substance having a flash point
  below 100 (140 for DOT and EPA) degrees
  Fahrenheit - easily ignited and quick burning.
• Toxic A substance which has the capacity,
  through chemical reaction or mixture, to produce
  injury or harm to the body by entry through
  absorption, ingestion, inhalation, or injection.
• Caustic A substance with the capability of
  burning, destroying or eating away organic tissue
  by chemical reaction - Corrosive.

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Chemical Hazards
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Toxic MaterialsAssessing the risks due to the
toxic effects of chemicals

• In order to understand what an MSDS is telling
  us we must understand a little about the hazards
  of chemicals so we will look at the following
  areas of concern
• Route of exposure
• Acute Toxicants
• Corrosive Substances, Irritants and Allergens
• Carcinogens
• Teratogens and Mutagens

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Routes of Exposure

• Chemical exposure essentially means that the
  chemical has found a route into our body.
  Exposure occurs through one or more to four
  routes.
• Ingestion
• Inhalation
• Skin contact
• Injection

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Ingestion
Routes of Exposure

• The users of chemicals seldom ingest chemicals on
  purpose. The most common way in which chemicals
  are ingested is when the chemical user fails to
  wash their hands after handling the chemicals.
  Subsequent eating, drinking or smoking may
  introduce chemicals into the body. Hand washing
  is an essential part of the laboratory teachers
  job and a habit that should be instilled in
  students as well.

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Inhalation
Routes of Exposure

• Inhaling chemicals is particularly dangerous
  since the respiratory system provides direct and
  rapid access to the blood stream. In general,
  one should not smell chemicals intentionally.
  This is a poor method of identifying the chemical
  since odor is not a reliable means of determining
  concentration. One can be over exposed prior to
  odor being detected.

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Skin Contact
Routes of Exposure

• It is not uncommon to discover a belief that skin
  is water proof. Quite the contrary, skin readily
  absorbs many liquids and gases from the air or on
  its surface. Again, hand washing is a critical
  tool for limiting exposure. Gloves are also
  important since the best way to decontaminate the
  skin is not to contaminate it in the first place.

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Injection
Routes of Exposure

• Injection can occur in several ways. One is the
  injection of a chemical using a syringe but this
  is rare. Much more common is injection while
  cleaning up after a spill where glassware has
  shattered. It may be advisable to either double
  glove with a cut protection glove and a
  chemically resistant glove during a cleanup of
  this type or to only pick the glass up with
  tongs.

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What is Toxicity?

• Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can
  harm humans, animals or other life forms.
  Toxicologists and physicians differ on what a
  toxin is. Physicians identify a toxin as a
  substance not intended for human consumption that
  is harmful.

• Physicians call the harm caused by those
  substances that are intended for human
  consumption an overdose.
• There are many common substances that can poison
• Water
• Salt
• Alcohol

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What is Toxicity?

• Toxicologists call anything that enters the
  biological unit (body) from the outside a
  xenobiotic. The key to whether or not a
  xenobiotic is of concern for the biological unit
  is a matter of dosage.

• Toxicology is based upon the concept that any
  substance in the correct amount is bad for you.

Signs of Arsenic Poisoning
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Hazmat Toxicology

• Dose is the amount of a xenobiotic taken into the
  body. The word dose is meaningless without a
  reference to time. It is measured in units of
  weight and volume and frequently considers the
  weight of the biological unit in kg.
• Concentration is a measure of the degree of
  exposure. How much of the material (usually in
  the air) one was exposed to over a period of time.

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Hazmat Toxicology

• Exposures are categorized based upon how long the
  exposure occurred and how much of the material
  was involved.
• Types of Exposure
• Acute - A lot of the poison in a short period of
  time.
• Chronic - A little of the poison over a long
  period of time.
• Sub acute - many acute exposures over a long
  period of time.

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Toxicity of commonly used chemicals
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Hazmat Toxicology

• Likewise the effects of the exposure are
  categorized depending upon their impact on the
  body and the period of time that expires before
  the effects are realized.

• Internal Effects of Exposure
• Acute effects - those that are seen immediately.
• Chronic effects - those that are not seen for
  months or years

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Hazmat Toxicology

• Effects of Exposure
• Mutagens are chemicals that alter the DNA of the
  person exposed. This causes a change in some
  element of subsequent generations of that person.
  The exposed person may or may not have effects
  while their children or grand children will.

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Toxic MaterialsA Short List of Teratogens

• Among the types of effects that chemicals might
  have on our bodies that of a teratogen is
  certainly attention getting.
• Teratogens are substances which cause birth
  defects in the developing embryo or fetus. No
  other generation is affected.

• Acetylsalicylic acid
• Benzene
• Caffeine
• Camphorated oil
• Cannabis
• Diazepam
• Dilantin
• Folic acid
• Glycol ethers

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Hazmat Toxicology

• Effects of Exposure
• Irritants ordinarily do not cause serious harm.
  Typically they cause reactions such as tearing,
  burning, sneezing or some other irritating
  result. It is important to realize that every
  body is different and because one person reacts
  by coughing that does not mean another may not
  have an allergic reaction that leads to death.
  Complications such as asthma or bronchitis may
  also make chemical exposure more serious.

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Hazmat Toxicology

• Effects of Exposure
• Asphyxiates cause illness and perhaps death by
  limiting the ability of the body to process
  oxygen. Perhaps the most common is carbon
  monoxide. CO has about 300 times the affinity
  for hemoglobin in the blood as does oxygen. Once
  CO gets into the blood the only way to get it out
  is for the blood cell to die.

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Hazmat Toxicology

• Effects of Exposure
• Carcinogens are those chemicals that cause, it
  may be more correct to say activate, cancer. A
  known human carcinogen means there is sufficient
  evidence of a cause and effect relationship
  between exposure to the material and cancer in
  humans. Such determination requires evidence from
  epidemiologic (demographic and statistical),
  clinical, and/or tissue/cell studies involving
  humans who were exposed to the substance in
  question. See NIOSH carcinogen list.

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Examples of materials with a High Level of Acute
Toxicity

• Acrolein
• Diazomethane
• Hydrogen cyanide
• Hydrogen fluoride
• Biological toxins Tetrodotoxin, snake venoms
• Osmium tetroxide
• Beta-mercaptoethanol

• Some chemicals have acute toxic effects. In
  other words they cause immediate negative health
  effects.
• Toxicity is always a matter of dosage against
  time. When the danger of a chemical is discussed
  in must be in those terms.

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EVALUATING THE RISK OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES

• One way that we can determine the danger of a
  chemical is to examine the THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
  (TLVs) of the chemical as assigned by the
  American Conference of Governmental Industrial
  Hygienists. These are a non-mandatory
  professional guideline for chemical exposures.
• The TLVs are the airborne concentration limits of
  substances under which nearly all workers may be
  repeatedly exposed without adverse effect. TLVs
  are non-political, conservative limits to
  chemical exposure and are given as amount of
  chemical against a time or time weighted average.

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CONTROLLING THE RISK OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES

• Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) are the
  Federally regulated exposure limits as pronounced
  by OSHA and are described in CFR 29 - 1910.1000.
  These limits are agreed upon after public
  hearings are conducted and industry plays a role
  in their establishment. TLVs are usually more
  conservative than PELs however PELs represent the
  law of the land.
• PELs are slow to change and are not periodically
  reviewed while TLVs are reviewed annually and
  changed based on any new information.

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CONTROLLING THE RISK OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES

• Both PELs and TLV/TWA are based upon the amount
  of a chemical to which an employee can be exposed
  without serious health effects. PELs and
  TLV/TWAs are based upon an 8 hour work day and a
  40 hour work week.
• There are also Short Term Exposure Levels (STEL)
  This is the amount of a chemical that an employee
  can be exposed for 15 minutes no more than four
  times per day without suffering any serious
  health effects.

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CONTROLLING THE RISK OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES

• The OSHA also publishes Ceiling Limits. Ceiling
  limits are the amount of the chemical to which an
  employee should never be exposed. ACGIH
  publishes Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health
  (IDLH) exposure limits which is the amount of the
  chemical exposure which would cause irreversible
  harm after just 15 minutes.
• One might find another warning with certain
  chemicals and that is a Skin Notation. This
  means that the chemical has been proven to cause
  negative health effects based upon skin exposure
  alone.

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CONTROLLING THE RISK OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES

• A common notation associated with chemicals is
  LD50 or
• LC50. This is the amount of the chemical that
  caused death in fifty percent of the laboratory
  animals exposed. Whereas this number has some
  shock value, it is not particularly valuable for
  school laboratory use. Most significantly, a lot
  on negative health effects could be realized
  before ones exposure got anywhere near the LC50.
  These numbers should not be depended upon for
  exposure control purposes.

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Flammability
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Flammability

• When we say a chemical is flammable we mean
  something very specific. Neither paper nor cloth
  is flammable. In fact oil, grease and paraffin
  are not flammable either. Because a substance
  will burn does not mean it is flammable as will
  be seen.

• Everything burns, even water. If water is heated
  rapidly even and hot enough it breaks down into
  Oxygen and Hydrogen. This is the essence of the
  perfect fire.

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Flammable Liquids
Flash Point - The lowest temperature at which a
liquid has sufficient vapor pressure to form an
ignitable mixture with air near the surface of
the liquid. In general the lower the flash point
the more dangerous the liquid. OSHA and the EPA
consider any liquid with a flashpoint of 140
degrees F. or below to be Flammable. With these
materials the concern should be other materials
that may react with the flammables, ventilation
to eliminate the build up of explosive vapors,
and segregation from ignition sources such as
open flame or electrical sources.
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Flammability Hazards

• Below are some examples of chemicals and there
  flashpoints.

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Flammable Gases

• When we say a gas is flammable we mean is ignites
  readily in certain concentrations.

• A flammable gas is any material which is a gas at
  68 oF or less and 14.7 psi of pressure which
• Is ignitable at 14.7 psi when in a mixture of 13
  percent or less by volume with air or
• Has a flammable range at 14.7 psi with air of at
  least 12 percent regardless of the lower limit.

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Flammable Limits
Percentage in Air
Percentage in Air
2
1
3
4
5
6
16
17
18

• Flammable Range

0

LFL
UFL
If the the Lower Flammable Limit is less than 13
the gas is flammable.
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Flammable Limits
Lowest percentage in air that is ignitable
Highest percentage in air that is ignitable

• Flammable Range

0
100

LFL
UFL
If there are 12 or more than percentage points
between the lower and upper flammable limits, the
gas is flammable.
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Flammable Solid

• A flammable solid is defined by the U.S.
  Department of Transportation (DOT) quite
  extensively as desensitized explosives such as
  those wetted with sufficient water, alcohol, or
  plasticizer used to suppress explosive
  properties. Self-reactive materials that are
  thermally unstable and that can undergo a
  strongly exothermic (heat-evolving) decomposition
  even without the participation of oxygen (air)
  are also considered flammable solids.

Magnesium burning on a tile floor
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Flammable Solid

• Mostly readily combustible solids fall into this
  category such as solids which may cause a fire
  through friction, such as matches of road fusees.
  Some materials are pyrophoric (literally,
  "fire-loving") materials, which can ignite with
  no external ignition source within five minutes
  after coming in contact with air. Others are
  self-heating materials, those that exhibit
  spontaneous ignition or heat themselves to a
  temperature of 200 deg.C (392 deg.F) during a
  24-hour test period. (This behavior is called
  spontaneous combustion). Finally there are
  dangerous when wet materials, those that react
  with water to become spontaneously flammable or
  to give off flammable gas or toxic gas at a rate
  greater than 1 liter per kilogram of the
  material, per hour.

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Flammability Hazards

• Also of concern is the chemicals ignition
  temperature. This is the minimum temperature at
  which the material will ignite without the aid of
  an ignition source. Ray Bradbury tells us that
  the ignition temperature of paper for example is
  451 degrees F. Materials which are being heating
  may ignite under a variety of circumstances but
  certainly if the ignition temperature is reached.
  The MSDS will provide the ignition temperature.

Examples of IT
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Caustic Chemical Hazards

• Accidental contact with corrosives is one of the
  potential dangers in a laboratory or industrial
  setting. Universally, the term corrosives refer
  to substances without any toxicological activity
  which produce severe tissue destruction. Most
  common are the strong acids or alkalis, but any
  strong oxidizing or reducing agent such as
  potassium permanganate and diborane respectively
  may also be included.

Photo of Acid Burn
Photo of Alkali Burn
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Caustic Chemical Hazards

• Most corrosives produce significant injuries
  through direct chemical reaction on living
  tissues rather than through heat damage. In most
  cases, the degree of tissue destruction depends
  on the concentration of the toxic agent and the
  duration of the contact.
• When the skin is exposed to a corrosive, its
  keratinous covering is destroyed and its
  underlying dermal tissues are exposed to
  continuous necrotizing action. The absorption of
  some corrosives through the skin may cause
  systemic toxicity. For example picric acid and
  phosphorus burns may be followed by kidney damage.

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Caustic Chemical Hazards

• While both alkalis and acids cause tissue
  destruction, acids produce a coagulation necrosis
  which results in a superficial burn. Alkalis in
  contrast tend to produce a penetrating tissue
  destruction. Thus an ingested alkali more
  frequently causes esophageal bums leading to
  perforation. Acid ingestion, in contrast, more
  frequently cause burns in the stomach,
  particularly in the pyloric region.

Photo of Nitric Acid Burn
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Summary

• Recognizing that there are systems for
  identifying hazardous chemicals and using them to
  make everyone in the laboratory aware of the
  potential dangers of materials is a key to safe
  chemistry. Remember that the warning labels and
  systems are usually determined under ideal
  circumstances and may not reflect real world
  results. For example, anhydrous ammonia is
  listed as a non-flammable gas but in the real
  world it leaches hydrocarbons from everything it
  contacts and rapidly becomes a foul and
  flammable gas. Knowing the dangers and
  characteristics of the materials with which you
  work can help prevent accidents and govern
  emergency response. The more we learn about
  these materials the safer we are.

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End of Module
Go to the Quiz
References
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References

• ASE (1996) Safeguards in the School Laboratory
  (10th ed..), Hatfield ASE.
• Borrows, P. (1992) Safety in secondary schools,
  in Hull, R. (ed.), ASE Secondary Science
  Teachers Handbook, Hemel Hempstead Simon
  Shuster. (This highlights the common accidents in
  labs most of which involve chemicals in the eye
  or mouth or on the body and describes five main
  danger areas such as burns from alcohol fires
  and alkali metal explosions.) More recently
  Borrows has written Safety in science
  education, in Ratcliffe, M. (ed.) (1998).
• DfEE (1996) Safety in Science Education, London
  HMSO.
• Everett, K. and Jenkins, E. (1991) A Safety
  Handbook for Science Teachers, London John
  Murray.
• The MSDS Hyperglossary at http//www.ilpi.com/msds
  /ref/index.html

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Glossary

• 29 CFR 1910.1450 OSHAs Laboratory Standard
  also known as Title 29 of the Code of Federal
  Regulations Part 1910, Subpart Z, Section 1450
• Action Level a concentration designated in 29
  CFR part 1910 for a specific substance,
  calculated as an eight hour-time weighted average
  (TWA), which initiates certain required
  activities such as exposure monitoring and
  medical surveillance. Action levels are generally
  set at one half the PEL but the action level may
  vary from standard to standard.
• Acute toxicity is the ability of a chemical to
  cause a harmful effect such as damage to a target
  organ or death after a single exposure or an
  exposure of short duration.
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial
  Hygienists (ACGIH) a non-profit organization
  consisting of a community of professionals
  advancing worker health and safety through
  education and the development and dissemination
  of scientific and technical knowledge. The ACGIH
  develops and publishes recommended occupational
  exposure limits each year called TLVs for
  hundreds of chemicals, physical agents and
  biological exposure indices.
• American National Standard Institute (ANSI) a
  non-profit organization that administers and
  coordinates the US voluntary standardization and
  conformity assessment system.
• Biological Materials Biological or biohazardous
  materials include all infectious organisms
  (bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, etc.) that
  can cause disease in humans or cause significant
  environmental or agricultural impact.
• Carcinogen - A substance capable of causing
  cancer. Carcinogens are chronically toxic
  substances that is, they cause damage after
  repeated or long-duration exposure, and their
  effects may become evident only after a long
  latency period.

Back to Module
69
Glossary

• CAS - Chemical Abstracts Number a unique
  number assigned to a chemical by the Chemical
  Abstracts Service.
• CFR Code of Federal Regulations contains the
  listings of all US Federal regulations. The CFR,
  compiled by the Office of the Federal Register,
  is divided into 50 titles, which cover broad
  areas subject to Federal regulation.
• Chemical Hygiene Officer an employee designated
  by the employer who is qualified by training or
  experience to provide technical guidance in the
  development and implementation of the provisions
  of the Chemical Hygiene Plan. Note that these
  duties can be in addition to the other job
  functions the employee performs in the
  laboratory.
• Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) a plan that
  addresses specific hazards in the laboratory and
  is required by OSHAs Laboratory Standard
• Corrosive a substance which causes damage to
  skin, eyes or other parts of the body on contact.
  Concentrated acids are examples of corrosive
  substances.
• Embryotoxin a substance which retards the
  growth or affects the development of an unborn
  child up to and including deformities and death.
  Mercury compounds, certain heavy metals,
  aflatoxin, formamide, and radiation are known
  embryotoxins.
• Explosive means a chemical that causes a
  sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure,
  gas and heat when subjected to sudden shock,
  pressure, or high temperature.
• Face velocity the average velocity of air drawn
  through the face of a chemical fume hood and
  generally calculated as the total volumetric
  exhaust flow rate for the hood divided by the
  area of the open face, less an adjustment for
  hood air leakage.

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70
Glossary

• Irritant a chemical which may cause reversible
  inflammation upon contact.
• Laboratory -Any facility where the "laboratory
  use of potentially hazardous chemicals" occurs. 
  It is a room where relatively small quantities of
  potentially hazardous chemicals are used during
  scientific experimentation.
• Flammable means a chemical that falls into one
  of the following categories
• aerosol flammable is an aerosol that when tested
  by the method in 16 CFR 1500.45, yields a flame
  protection exceeding 18 inches at full valve
  opening, or a flashback (a flame extending back
  to the valve) at any degree of valve opening
• gas flammable is a gas that at ambient
  temperature and pressure, forms a flammable
  mixture with air at a concentration of 13 by
  volume or less or a gas that at ambient
  temperature and pressure, forms a range of
  flammable mixtures with air wider than 12 by
  volume, regardless of the lower limit.
• liquid flammable means any liquid having a
  flashpoint below 100F (37.8C), except any
  mixture having components with flashpoints of
  100C or higher, the total of which make up 99
  percent or more of the total volume of the
  mixture.
• solid flammable means a solid, other than a
  blasting agent or explosive as defined in
  1910.109(a), that is liable to cause fire through
  friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous
  chemical change, or retained heat from
  manufacturing or processing, or which can be
  ignited readily and when ignited burns so
  vigorously and persistently as to create a
  serious hazard. A chemical will be considered a
  flammable solid if, when tested by the method
  described in 16 CFR 1500.44, it ignites and burns
  with a self-sustained flame at a rate greater
  than one-tenth of an inch per second along its
  major axis.

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71
Glossary

• FM 200 a Halon replacement extinguishing agent
  which is a chemical blend (heptafluoropropane),
  stored as a liquid within the agent cylinder
  similar to that of Halon-type cylinders. It will
  not corrode sensitive electronic equipment, and
  contains no particulates or oily residues. In
  fact, it leaves very little residue and is a
  quite popular extinguishing agent in use today
  for the protection of computer rooms.
• Fume Hood - a laboratory device, enclosed on five
  sides with a moveable sash or fixed partial
  enclosure on the remaining side constructed and
  maintained to draw air from the laboratory and to
  prevent or minimize the escape of air
  contaminants into the laboratory and allows
  chemical manipulations to be conducted in the
  enclosure without insertion of any portion of the
  employees body other than hands and arms.
• Hazardous chemical the OSHA definition is a
  chemical for which there is statistically
  significant evidence based on at least one study
  conducted in accordance with established
  scientific principles that acute or chronic
  health effects may occur in exposed employees.
  The term "health hazard" includes chemicals which
  are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents,
  reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives,
  sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins,
  neurotoxins, agents which act on the
  hematopoietic systems, and agents which damage
  the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.
• Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200
  - was first enacted on November 25, 1983, by the
  OSHA. It was later modified with minor changes
  and technical amendments to take effect March 11,
  1994. The purpose of the standard is to ensure
  that chemical hazards in the workplace are
  identified and evaluated, and that information
  concerning these hazards is communicated through
  MSDSs and labels. This standard is also known as
  the Right-to-Know Law.

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72
Glossary

• HEPA - high efficiency particulate air filter
  is a filter that is manufactured, tested and
  certified to meet applicable construction and
  efficiency standards for high-efficiency filters.
  The filters are manufactured from an ultra-fine
  glass-fiber medium designed to capture
  microscopic particles that can easily pass
  through most other filters by a combination of
  diffusion, interception, and inertial impaction.
• Health Hazard - means a chemical for which there
  is statistically significant evidence based on at
  least one study conducted in accordance with
  established scientific principles that acute or
  chronic health effects may occur in exposed
  employees.
• Inergen - It is an inert gas used for fire
  extinguishment. It is a mixture of three
  naturally occurring atmospheric gases 52
  nitrogen, 40 argon, and 8 CO2. The Inergen gas
  curtails and extinguishes fire by lowering the
  oxygen content beneath the level that supports
  combustion. But it should be noted that due to
  the CO2 present in Inergen, the brain continues
  to receive the same amount of oxygen in an
  Inergen atmosphere as it would in a normal
  atmosphere, for reasonable periods of time.
• Laboratory Scale - Working with substances in
  which the containers used for reactions,
  transfers, and other handling of substances are
  designed to be easily and safely manipulated by
  one person. 
• Laboratory Standard a standard (29 CFR
  1910.1450) issued by OSHA addressing occupational
  exposures to hazardous chemicals in the
  laboratory. All laboratories must comply with
  this standard.

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73
Glossary

• Laboratory use of Potentially Hazardous Chemicals
  - the handling or use of such chemicals in which
  all of the following conditions are met
• 1)       Use of laboratory scale.
• 2)       Multiple chemical procedures or
  chemicals used.
• 3)       Protective laboratory practices and
  equipment are available and in common use to
  minimize the potential for student/teacher
  exposure to hazardous chemicals.
• LC50 or lethal concentration 50 this is a
  measure of toxicity which corresponds to the
  concentration in air that kills 50 of the test
  population. Note that most estimates of human
  toxicity are based on animal studies, which may
  or may not relate to human toxicity.
• LD50 or lethal dose 50 this is a measure of
  toxicity which corresponds to the dose required
  to kill 50 of the test population. Note that
  most estimates of human toxicity are based on
  animal studies, which may or may not relate to
  human toxicity. The LD50 is usually measured in
  milligrams of the material per kilogram of body
  weight of the test animal. To estimate a lethal
  dose for a human based on animal tests, the LD50
  must be multiplied by the weight of an average
  person.
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) is a
  well-established document for disseminating
  health and safety information about chemical
  products to employees, customers, emergency
  responders, and the public. Information contained
  in the MSDS includes potential health, safety,
  and environmental hazards, safe handling
  practices, and applicable regulatory information.

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74
Glossary

• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
  private non-profit organization, is the leading
  authoritative source of technical background,
  data, and consumer advice on fire protection,
  problems and prevention
• Organic peroxide - an organic compound that
  contains the bivalent -OO- structure and which
  may be considered to be a structural derivative
  of hydrogen peroxide where one or both of the
  hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an organic
  radical. Peroxides can be very dangerous
  materials and may be shock and thermal sensitive.
  They are also strong oxidizers. OSHA
  Occupational Safety Health Administration
  http//www.osha.gov is part of the US Department
  of Labor. Its mission is to save lives, prevent
  injuries and protect the health of America's
  workers.
• Particularly hazardous substance is defined by
  OSHA in the Laboratory Standard and includes
  select carcinogens (strongly indicative of
  causing cancer in humans), reproductive toxins,
  and substances which have a high degree of acute
  toxicity.
• Permissible exposure limit (PEL) - which
  represents the maximum amount or concentration of
  a substance that a worker may be exposed to under
  OSHA regulations. There are ceiling values (at no
  time should this value be exceeded) and 8-hour
  time weighted averages (an average value of
  exposure over the course of an 8 hour work shift)
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is all
  clothing and other work accessories designed to
  create a barrier against workplace hazards.
  Examples include safety goggles, respirators, lab
  coats, etc.

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75
Glossary

• Pyrophoric a pyrophoric material is one that
  ignites spontaneously in air and is derived from
  the Greek word meaning fire-bearing. Many of
  these materials will also react vigorously with
  water or high humidity and ignite upon contact.
• Physical Hazard A hazard exhibited by certain
  chemicals due to their physical properties. These
  chemicals fall into the following classes
  combustible liquids, compressed gases,
  explosives, flammable liquids or solids, organic
  peroxide, oxidizers, pyrophoric materials, and
  unstable (reactive) or water reactive materials.
• Reproductive toxins per OSHA any chemical that
  affects the reproductive chemicals which affect
  the reproductive capabilities including
  chromosomal damage/mutations and effects on
  fetuses (teratogenesis).
• Select carcinogens per OSHA any substance that
  meets one of the following criteria
• regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen
• listed under the category, known to be
  carcinogens in the Annual Report on Carcinogens
  published in the latest edition by the National
  Toxicology Program (NTP)
• listed under Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans)
  by the International Agency for Research on
  Cancer Monographs (IARC)
• listed in either Group 2A or 2B by IARC or under
  the category, reasonably anticipated to be
  carcinogens by NTP and causes statistically
  significant tumor incidence in experimental
  animals in accordance with any of the following
  criteria after inhalation exposure of 6-7 hours
  per day, 5 days per week, for a significant
  portion of a lifetime to dosages of less than 10
  mg/m3, after repeated skin application of less
  than 300 mg/kg of body weight per week, or after
  oral dosages of less than 50 mg/kg of body weight
  per day.

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76
Glossary

• Sensitizer a chemical which may lead to the
  development of allergic reactions after repeated
  exposure.
• Short term exposure limit (STEL) - which is the
  concentration employees can be exposed to
  continuously for a short period of time without
  suffering from irritation, chronic or
  irreversible tissue damage, or narcosis of
  sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of
  accidental injury, impair self-rescue or
  materially reduce work efficiency.
• Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) is a
  document that describes the operations, analyses,
  or actions that are commonly accepted methods or
  the laboratory prescribed procedures for
  performing certain routine or repetitive tasks.
• Target Organ - indicate which bodily organs are
  most likely to be affected by exposure to a
  substance. Certain chemicals may bio-concentrate
  in the liver while other target the brain.
• Threshold Limit Values (TLV) are airborne
  concentrations devised by the ACGIH that
  represent conditions under which it is believed
  that nearly all workers may be exposed day after
  day with no adverse effect. TLVs are advisory
  exposure guidelines, not legal standards, that
  are based on evidence from industrial experience,
  animal studies, or human studies when they exist.
  There are three different types of TLV's Time
  Weighted Average (TLV-TWA), Short Term Exposure
  Limit (TLV-STEL) and Ceiling (TLV-C).
• Tort Law is the law of liability and
  negligence. It involves that plaintiff who
  allegedly has been wronged and the defendant who
  is claimed to have perpetrated the injustice.
  Tort law deals with issues of property and
  personal injury law. Mass tort is the process of
  suing a major defendant on behalf of a large
  number of plaintiffs. Law suits involving drugs
  such as Vioxx are examples.

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77
Glossary

• Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
  is a procedure (Method 1311) performed on a
  sample within the laboratory to determine whether
  or not a waste is considered hazardous. A sample
  is extracted with a buffered acid and the
  resulting extraction fluid or leachate
  approximates the fluid that would leach from the
  sample if it were in a landfill.
• Toxicity Characteristic (TC) regulatory limits
  established for 39 compounds. If a waste analyzed
  via the TCLP procedure detects any of these
  compounds above the regulatory limits then the
  waste is said to exhibit the toxicity
  characteristic.
• Water Reactive - these substances are dangerous
  when wet because they undergo a chemical reaction
  with water. This reaction may release a gas that
  is either flammable or presents a toxic health
  hazard. In addition, the heat generated when
  water contacts such materials is often enough for
  the item to spontaneously combust or explode.

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78
Ignition Temperatures
More
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The f
79
Ignition Temperatures
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80
Burn on the feet from acid spill
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81
Burn on the feet from nitric acid spill
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82
Burn on the feet from alkali spill
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83
Quiz Seven

• The three parts of a DOT label are the warning
  word(s), the class number and the

• Pictograph

• UN Chemical Abstract Number

• Shape of the label.

• Chemical abstract number.

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84
Quiz Seven

• In the warning label above, what hazard does the
  red 3 refer to?

• Health

• Flammability

• Reactivity

• Special Hazards

• None of the above

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85
Quiz Seven

• In the label shown above, what is the four digit
  number in the center called?

• The United Nations Common ID Number.

• The NA ID Number.

• The Division Number.

• The Class Number.

• None of the above.

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86
Quiz Seven

• In the picture at right, what must the green
  cylinder contain by federal law?

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

• Hydrogen

• A medical gas

• There is no law requiring color coding of
  cylinders.

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87
Quiz Seven

• As each teacher receives a new chemical care
  should be taken to

• Protect the label on the container.

• Confirm that the MSDS is in the Lab three ring
  binder

• Confirm that the MSDS is in the administration
  office.

• That the chemical is entered into the inventory.

• All of the above.

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88
Quiz Seven

• Which section of an MSDS would one reference to
  determine the trade name of a chemical.

• Section 1 - Identity

• Section 2 Hazardous Ingredients

• Section 3 Physical and Chemical Properties

• Section 9 Chemical Commerce Information

• None of the above.

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89
Quiz Seven

• The EPA and the DOT refer to any liquid with an
  ignition temperature of __________ or less to be
  flammable.

• 100 degrees F.

• 120 degrees F.

• 140 degrees F.

• 212 degrees F.

• None of the above.

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90
Quiz Seven

• What is the most common way in which chemicals
  are ingested while at work?

• As part of an experiment.

• Through inhalation

• Along with food or drink

• Through skin absorption

• None of the above

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91
Quiz Seven

• Inhaling chemicals is particularly dangerous
  since the respiratory system

• Provides direct access to the blood stream.

• Contains the largest organ in the body.

• Provides lymphatic access to the brain.

• Cannot process gases effectively.

• All of the above.

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92
Quiz Seven

• The best way to decontaminate hands while working
  in the lab is to

• Wash with soap and water.

• Use a neutralizing agent.

• Use water and a 10 bleach solution.

• Avoid becoming contaminated in the first place.

• None of the above.

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93
Quiz Seven

• Toxicologists call anything that enters the body
  a

• Foreign object.

• Xenobiotic.

• Teratogen.

• Mutagen.

• Xenophobe.

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94
Quiz Seven

• Exposure to a lot of poison in a short period of
  time is called a ___________ exposure

• Chronic.

• Subacute.

• Acute.

• Systemic.

• Dangerous.

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95
Quiz Seven

• Effects that result from chemical exposure and
  are observable soon after exposure are called

• Chronic.

• Subacute.

• Acute.

• Systemic.

• Dangerous.

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96
Quiz Seven

• Chemical that upon adequate exposure can cause
  birth defects in a developing fetus are called

• Carcinogens.

• Xenobiotic.

• Teratogen.

• Mutagen.

• Irritants.

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97
Quiz Seven

• The OSHA publishes chemical exposure limits as
  _______ where the ACGIH publishes _________

• PELs, Ceilings.

• Ceilings, PELs.

• PELs, TLVs.

• TLVs, TWAs.

• TWAs, TLVs.

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98
Quiz Seven

• That ACGIH exposure limit that represents serious
  health effects after just 15 minutes of exposure

• TLV Ceiling.

• IDLH.

• LC50.

• LD50.

• None of the above.

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99
Thats Right!
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Thats Incorrect
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Thats Not the Best Answer
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You have Finished Module Seven Good Job!
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