RELATIVE CLAUSES

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RELATIVE CLAUSES
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Relative (Adjective) Clauses

• We use relative clauses to combine two simple
  sentences in which there are two identical noun
  phrases.
• Sifat Cümlecikleri, kendinden önce gelen
  isim/isim öbegi hakkinda açiklayici/niteleyici
  bilgi veren bir yan cümle türüdür. ( Defining
  Relative Clause)
• I have a friend who loves penguins.
• Penguenleri seven bir arkadasim var.
• Kendinden önce gelen isim/isim öbegi ile ilgili
  tanimlamada ihtiyaç duyulmayan, ek bilgi
  verebilir. ( Non-defining Relative Clause)
• Paul Auster, who is my favorite writer, lives in
  New York.
• En sevdigim yazar Paul Auster New Yorkta
  yasiyor.
• Paul Auster, en sevdigim yazar, New Yorkta
  yasiyor.

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Relative (Adjective) Clauses

• Action Verbs in Relative Clauses
• I like the girl who is smelling the roses.
• Gülleri koklayan kizdan hoslaniyorum.
• State Verbs in Relative Clauses
• I like the girl who smells nice.
• Güzel kokan kizdan hoslaniyorum.
• She killed the bird which was eating her plants.
  (action verb)
• (O) Bitkilerini yiyen kusu öldürdü.
• She killed the bird which had a blue tail. (state
  verb)
• (O) Mavi kuyruklu kusu öldürdü.

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Relative (Adjective) Clauses

• Object Relative Clause ? relative
  pronounnoun/pronounverb
• Mary was the woman who I saw at the cinema.
• Sinemada gördügüm kadin Mary idi.
• She killed the bird which her parents gave her.
• (O) Anne-babasinin ona verdigi kusu öldürdü.
• Subject Relative Clause ? relative pronounverb
• Mary was the woman who went to the cinema.
• Sinemaya giden kadin Mary idi.
• She killed the bird which was eating her plants.
• Bitkilerini yiyen kusu öldürdü.

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Relative Pronouns
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Formation of Relative Clauses
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Formation of Relative Clauses
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Formation of Relative Clauses

• Sifat cümleciginin tanimladigi isim /isim öbegine
  mümkün oldugunca yakin kullanilmasi tercih
  edilir.
• The building for sale was the house which had a
  slate roof and was by the stream. ?
• The building for sale was the house by the stream
  which had a slate roof. ?

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Formation of Relative Clauses

• Sifat cümlecigine ilgi zamirine ek olarak özne ya
  da nesne eklenemez.
• The man who gave me the book was the librarian.
  ?
• The man who he gave me the book was the
  librarian. ?
• Konusma dilinde kullanilmasina ragmen temel
  cümleye sifat cümlesinin yani sira bir zamir
  eklenmesi gereksizdir.
• A friend of mine who is a solicitor helped me.
• A friend of mine who is a solicitor she helped
  me.

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Relative Adverbs

• Although the entire clause introduced by a
  relative adverb is adjectival, and functions to
  modify a noun/pronoun in the main sentence
  clause the relative adverb itself modifies a
  verb within its own clause.
• Place (space) ? WHERE
• Time (duration) ? WHEN
• Reason (cause and/or effect) ? reason WHY
• ? reason THAT
• Ilgi Zarflari sifat cümlecigi içindeki fiili
  niteleyerek niteledigi fiile zarf özelligi
  kazandiran (zarflastiran) sözcüklerdir. Ilgi
  zarfi yan cümlecikteki fiili nitelerken sifat
  cümlecigi bütün olarak önündeki isim ya da zamiri
  niteler.
• The office is the place where you waste most of
  your time.
• These are the times when Joan lost her
  initiative.
• That is the reason why Mark refused to come.
• I didnt get a pay rise, but this wasnt the
  reason that I left.

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Prepositions in Relative Clauses

• FORMAL
• Preposition Which / Whom/Whose
• Whose ? Of Which
• Edat içeren sifat cümleciklerinin formal/resmi
  metinlerinde kullanilmasi halinde edat ilgi
  zamirinin önüne getirilir.
• The rate at which a material heats up depends on
  its chemical composition.
• In the novel by Peters, on which the film is
  based, the main character is a teenager.
• An actor with whom Gelson had previously worked
  contacted him about the role.
• I now turn to Freud, from whose work the
  following quotation is taken.

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Prepositions in Relative Clauses

• Edattan sonra whom yerine who, that ilgi
  zamiri ya da gizli ilgi zamiri kullanilamaz.
• Is it right that politicians should make
  important decisions without consulting to the
  public to whom they are accountable? ?
• Is it right that politicians should make
  important decisions without consulting to the
  public to who they are accountable? ?
• The valley in which the town lies is heavily
  polluted. ?
• The valley in that the town lies is heavily
  polluted. ?

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Prepositions in Relative Clauses

• INFORMAL
• Günlük/konusma dilinde edatin ilgi zamirinin
  önünde kullanilmasi yerine sifat cümleciginin
  sonuna getirilmesiyle asiri resmiyetten
  kaçinilabilir.
• Jims musical talent, which he was noted for, had
  been encouraged by his parents.

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Variations in the Use of Non-Defining Clauses

• A.Quantifiers with Relative Pronouns
• Asagidaki örneklerde görüldügü gibi
  quantifiers( niteleyici sözcükler) sifat
  cümlecigini tanimlamak için relative pronoun
  (ilgi zamiri) ile kullanilabilir.

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• a) We have two typist.Both of them are quite
  efficient .
• b) We have two typist, both of whom are
  quite efficient.
• 2. a) The teacher was praised by the
  director.Most of his students were succesfull in
  the university entrance examination.
• b) The teacher , most of whose students
  were succesful in the university examination, was
  praised by the director.
• a) There are 250 stars in the Milky Way.One of
  them is our sun.
• b) There are 250 stars in Milky Way ,one
  of which is our sun.
• a) Space probes send back valuable
  information.Much of this will require years to
  analyze.
• b) Space probes send back valuable
  information , much of which will require years to
  analyze.

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• B. Variations with the Superlative Form
• 1. a)There are many lakes in Türkiye. The
  largest of them is Lake Van.
• b)There arE many lakes in Türkiye ,
  the largest of which is Lake Van.
• 2. a)Shakespeare wrote many plays. The most
  famous of them is Hamlet.
• b)Shakespeare wrote many plays, the
  most famous of which is Hamlet.
• 3. a)He has three daugthers. The most
  beautiful of them is the youngest.
• b)He has three daughters , the most
  beautiful of whom is the youngest.

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• C. Nouns before Relative Pronouns / Possession in
  Things and Animals
• Non-defining clauses (tanimlanamayan
  cümlecikler) sahiplik( iyelik) durumunu göstermek
  için sik sik kullanilirlar.
• 1. a)The house will be repaired. The roof of
  the house has been damaged in the storm.
• (Ev onarilacak. Evin çatisi firtinada
  hasar gördü.
• b)The house , the roof of which has
  been damaged in the storm , will be repaired.
• (Firtinada çatisi hasar gören ev,tamir
  edilecek)
• a)The agreement will end the long running dispute
  between the two countries. The details of
  agreement will be released tomorrow.
• b)The agreement , the details of which
  will be released tomorrow, will end the long
  running dispute between the two countries

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• D. Using Which to Modify a Whole Sentence
• Bazen relative clause bütün cümleyi
  tanimlayabilir. Bu durumda relative sözcügü
  olarak sadece which kullanilir.Relative clause
  temel cümlenin sonuna eklenir ve bir virgülle
  ayrilir.
• a)She got a rather low grade on the test.That
  suprised me.
• (Testten çok düsük not aldi. Bu beni
  sasirtti.)
• b) She got a rather low grade on the test
  , which suprised me.
• (Testten çok düsük bir not aldi ki bu da
  beni sasirtti.)
• a)Ali passed all his exams.This shocked his
  friends.
• b)Ali passaed all his exams , which
  shocked his friends.
• a)He blames me for anything.I think this is
  unfair.
• b)He blames me for anything , which i
  think is unfair.

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• Whereby,whereupon,wherein gibi whereprepositiond
  an olusan yapilar vardir.
• Whereby by/through/with which
• FORMALThe government is to end the system
  whereby farmers make more money from leaving land
  unplanted than from growing wheat.
• INFORMALThe goverment is to end the system by/in
  which farmers make more money from leaving land
  unplanted than from growing wheat.
• Whereupon after which, as a result of which
• FORMAL The soldiers were suddenly attacked from
  behind,whereupon they turned and started firing
  that direction.
• INFORMALThe soldiers were suddenly attacked from
  behind after which they turned and started firing
  in that direction.
• Wherein in which,during which
• FORMAL There was a period of several years
  wherein the writer was unable to work at all.
• INFORMALThere was a period of several years in
  which the writer was unable to work at all.

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• Point,position ve situation kelimeleri siklikla
  where ile kullanilirlar ama stage kelimesi where
  ya da when ile kullanilabilir.
• I have reached a point where Im about to retire.
• In time we reached a stage where/when we had more
  black readers than white ones.
• All,everything,nothing gibi zamirlerden ve
  superlative yapilardan sonra which yerine that
  tercih edilir.
• In a big city, you can find everthing that you
  need.
• This is the best food that i have ever eaten.

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• By means of,in the middle of,during, as a result
  of gibi ilgeç öbekleri relative pronoundan önce
  kullanilmalidir.
• He made an important discovery, as a result of
  which he became famous all over the world.
• The comittee members held a two-hour meeting,
  during which they discussed several issues
  related to the new syllabus.
• The device by means of which we can measure the
  amount of radioactivity is called a Geiger
  counter.
• Relative Clauselarda whatfew/little yapisi su
  sekilde kullanilir
• The few friends that he had deserted him gtgt What
  few friends he had deserted him.
• The little money that he had was stolen gtgt What
  little money he had was stolen.

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DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE(Belirtisiz Sifat
Tamlamasi)

• Bu tip relative clause hangi sorusuna
  cümle olarak cevap verir. Pesinden geldigi ismi
  tanimlar. Bu cümlelere tanimlayan ilgi
  cümlecikleridenir.

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• Bu cümlecik olmadigi zaman cümleyi
  söyleyenin kastettigi kisi/sey anlasilmaz, cümle
  yarim olur. Bu haliyle relative clause içinde
  bulundugu ana cümlenin vazgeçilmez bir unsurudur.
  Bundan dolayi virgül içinde söylenmez.
• Relative clause ana cümle
  içerisindeki niteleyecegi ismin hemen pesinden
  gelir ve ondan ( relative clause) sonra ana
  cümlenin devami gelir.

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• The people who/that own that house are away on
  holiday.(özne durumundainsanlar için)
• He was exactly the person (whom/who/that) I want
  to see.(nesne konumunda insanlar için)
• The assignment (that/which) the professor gave
  me was easy.(nesneler/seyler için)Profesörün
  bana verdigi ödev kolaydi.
• Biz sadece The assignment was
  easy. Ödev kolaydi.dersek, cümle net olmaz.
  Çünkü bizi dinleyen kisi(ler), hangi ödev? diye
  bir soru sorma ihtiyaci duyarlar. Ancak The
  assignment (that/which) the professor gave me was
  easy. Profesörün bana verdigi ödev kolaydi.
  dedigimizde cümle, karsi taraf için net hale
  gelmis demektir ve hangi ödev? diye bir soru
  sorulmasina gerek kalmaz.

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• Thats the office where my brother works. (yer
  bildiren ifadeler için)
• in which
• which my brother
  works in
• The Renaissance Period when we saw some
  innovations witnessed many important events.
• in
  which (zaman bildiren
  ifadeler için)
• 
  (which/that) we some innovations in
• They are repairing the house whose roof was
  damaged during the storm. (aitlik bildiren
  ifadeler için)
• the
  roof of which was damaged during the storm

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NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE(Belirtili
Sifat Tamlamasi)

• Zaten tanimlanmis, bilinen bir
  ismi niteleyen cümleye non-defining relative
  clause denir. Bu tip cümleler hangi sorusunun
  cevabini vermez. Bunlar niteledikleri ismi
  belirtme vazifesi de yapmazlar. Zaten isim
  bellidir, relative clause larin üstlendikleri
  görev sadece belirli olan ismi biraz daha
  açiklamak ve daha fazla bilgi vermektir.
• Non -defining relative clause
  cümleden çikarilsa bile cümlenin manasi bozulmaz,
  sadece ek bilgi edinememis oluruz. Bu yüzden
  non-defining relative clause, eger cümlelerin
  arasina giriyorsa iki virgülle, cümlenin sonunda
  yer aliyorsa bir virgülle temel cümleden ayrilir.
• Mr.Smith, who works at the same company as me, is
  very fond of children.
• I can rely on Mr.Smith, who Works at the same
  company as me.

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• Simdi tanimlayan ve tanimlamayan ilgi
  cümlecikleri arasindaki farki iki örnekle daha
  iyi anlamaya çalisalim
• 1. They congratulated Ernest Hemingway, who had
  just won the Nobel Prize.
• 2. They congratulated the writer who had just won
  the Nobel Prize.
• Birinci cümle, tanimlamayan olarak
  kurulmustur. Çünkü cümlede sözü geçen kisi Ernest
  Hemingwaydir. Kendisi taninan biri oldugundan,
  ayrica onu tanimlamaya gerek yoktur. Virgülden
  sonraki kisim, yalnizca ek bir bilgi vermektedir.
  Eger bu cümle tanimlayan olarak kurulsaydi,
  sanki birden fazla Ernest Hemingway varmis da,
  biz Nobel Ödülü alan Ernest Hemingwayden söz
  ediyormusuz gibi bir anlam çikardi. Ikinci cümle,
  tanimlayan olarak kurulmustur. Çünkü cümlede
  sözü edilen yazarin kim oldugu belli degildir.
  Çikan anlam sudur Birden fazla yazar var ama
  onlar, bu yazarlar içinden Nobel Ödülü alan
  yazari kutladilar. Ayrica bu cümlenin virgülsüz
  olduguna da dikkat ediniz.

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• The student who don't want to listen to the
  teacher are making a lot of noise. (Ögretmeni
  dinlemek istemeyen ögrenciler çok gürültü
  yapiyor.)Bu cümlede anlasilan sudur ki
  ögrencilerin bazilari ögretmeni dinlemek
  istemiyorlardir. Fakat ögretmeni dinlemek isteyen
  de vardir. burada defining relative clause
  tarafindan nitelenen ögrenciler gürültü
  yapmaktadir. Digerleri ise gürültü
  yapmamaktadir.
• The student, who don't want to listen to the
  teacher, are making a lot of noise. (Ögrenciler
  ki ögretmeni dinlemek istemiyorlar, çok gürültü
  yapiyorlar.)
• Bu cümlede anlasilan bütün ögrenciler ögretmeni
  dinlemek istememektedir ve istisnasiz hepsi
  gürültü yapmaktadir.

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• Non-defining relative clause ile that hiçbir
  durumda kullanilmaz.

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• Non-defining relative clause
  kullanabilecegimiz isimleri su sekilde
  gruplandirabiliriz
• a)Proper nouns(özel isimler)
• The person who lives above us is
  engineer.(defining)
• Mr.Smith, who lives above us, is
  engineer(non-defining)
• A country which is surrounded by the sea is
  usually a tourist attraction.(defining)
• Turkey, which is surrounded by the sea on
  three sides, is of strategic importance.(non-defin
  ing)

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• b)Nouns with preceding
  modifiers(baska niteleme sözcükleriyle
  tanimlanmis isimler)
• A mother who is very permissive with her children
  doesnt necessarily make her a good
  mother.(defining)
• My mother, who lives in German now, was
  moderatly permissive with us.(non-defining)
• Any bus which comes here already full doesnt
  stop at this bus stop.(defining)
• This bus, which usually comes here already
  full, goes directly to Kadiköy.(non-defining)
• Bir isim kendinden sonra gelen bazi
  sözcüklerle de tanimlanmis olabilir.
• The man who was working at the shop was
  friendly.(defining)
• The man at the shop, who gave my son a
  sweet, was friendly.(non-defining)
• The table which is in the kitchen needs
  repairing.(defining)
• The table in the kitchen, which we usually
  have our breakfast on, needs repairing.(non-defini
  ng)

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• c)Coal, rice, milk, flower, gibi isimler
  genel anlamda kullanildigi zaman, zaten herkesçe
  bilinen isimler oldugu için, non-defining
  relative clause alir.
• Flowers, which almost everybody likes, need
  special care to grow.(general- non-defining)
• The flowers which are sold at that
  florists are usually fresh.(specific- defining)
• Milk, which is essential for people of all ages,
  should be boiled well.(general- non-defining)
• The milk which we get from that dairy is
  really delicious.(specific- defining)

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• Özne durumunda, insanlar için sadece
  who, nesneler için sadece which kullanabiliriz.
• My father lives in Germany. He is over sixty now.
• My father, who is over sixty now, lives in
  Germany.
• Our television set has become erratic.It was
  bought eight years ago.
• Our television set, which was bought eight
  years ago, has become erratic.

Eger isim, bir prepositionsin nesnesi
durumunda ise, preposition relative clauseun
sonunda yer alirsa who ya da whom, basinda yer
alirsa sadece whom kullanabiliriz. Nesneler için
ise yine which kullanilir. Mr.Smith is an honest
person.Ive been working with him for five
years. Mr.Smith, whom Ive been working with for
five years, is honest person. ,
who Ive been working with for five years, is
honest person. , with whom Ive
been working for five years, is an honest
person. My car is beginning to cause trouble.I
had saved up for it for two years. My car, which
I had saved up for for five years, is beginning
to cause trouble. , for which I had
saved up for two years,
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• Aitlik bildiren bütün isimler için
  whose ya da of which kullaniriz.Ancak cansiz
  varliklar için of which kullanimi pek yaygin
  degildir.
• Their house cost them too much money. They
  painted its exterior pink.
• Their house, whose exterior they painted
  pink, cost them too much money.
• ,the exterior of which they
  painted pink,
• Possesive durumundaki isme ait bir
  preposition varsa, bu prepositioni whoseun
  önünde ya da relative clauseun sonunda
  kullanabiliriz.
• Uludag is a famous ski resort. You can always see
  snow on its top.
• Uludag, whose top you can always see snow
  on, is a famous ski resort.
• , on whose top you can always
  see snow,
• , on the top of which you can
  always see snow,

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• Yer bildiren sözcükler için,
  non-defining relative clause larda da where
  kullanabiliriz.
• Istanbul has many problems to solve.More ten
  million people live there.(in Istanbul)
• Istanbul, where more than ten million
  people live, has many problems to solve.
• , which more than ten million
  people live in,
• ,in which more than ten million
  people live,
• Eger bir yer ismi, tanimlayan cümlede
  özne ya da nesne durumundaysa where kullanamayiz.
  Sadece which kullanabiliriz.
• Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. It is
  my hometown.(It Subject)
• Salihli, which is my hometown, is located
  in the west of Turkey.
• Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I
  like it very much.(It Object)
• Salihli, which I like very much, is
  located in the west of Turkey.

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• Non-defining relative clauselarda,
  zaman ifade eden sözcükler için when ya da
  preposition which kullanabiliriz.
• One of the most important dates in Turkish
  history is 29 October,1923.The Republic was
  founded then.(on that date)
• One of the most important dates in Turkish
  history is 29 October,1923, when/on which the
  Republic was founded.
• My favourite season is spring.Nature awakens with
  all its lively colours then.(in spring)
• My favourite season is spring, when/in
  which nature awakens with all its lively colours.
• Süreç bildiren bir zaman zarfini
  tanimlayan relative clauselarda preposition
  which time kullanilir. Bu tür cümlelerde
  preposition which time yerine when
  kullanamayiz.
• The guests arrived at 7 p.m. I had finished all
  the preparations by then.
• The guests arrived at 7 p.m. ,by which
  time I had finished all the preparations.

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• Relative Clause,Noun Clause ve Adverbial Clause
• Relative Clauselarda kullandigimiz
  that,which,who,when,where gibi sözcükleri noun
  clause ve adverb clause ile de kullanabiliriz.
• Relative Clause I dont know the city where he
  lives.
• 
  (noun) (relative clause)
• Noun Clause I dont know where he lives.
• (verb) (noun
  clause)

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• They got married on a day when I was abroad.
  Relative Clause
• (Benim yurtdisinda oldugum bir gün evlendiler.)
• They got married when I was abroad. Adverbial
  Clause
• (Ben yurtdisindayken evlendiler.)
• I dont remember when they got married. Noun
  Clause
• (Ne zaman evlendiklerini hatirlamiyorum.)
• I want to know the students who are coming with
  us.Relative Clause
• (Bizimle gelecek ögrencileri ögrenmek istiyorum.)
• I want to know who are coming with us.Noun Clause
• (Bizimle kimlerin gelecegini ögrenmek istiyorum.)

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• What bir isimden sonra gelmez.Genellikle bir
  fiilden sonra gelir ya da özne durumundaki bir
  noun clauseun basinda bulunur.
• I dont know what he bought.
• (Ne aldigini bilmiyorum.) NOUN CLAUSE
• I dont know the thing that he bought.
• (Aldigi seyi bilmiyorum.) RELATIVE CLAUSE
• What he said wasnt so important.
• (Ne dedigi o kadar önemli degildi.) NOUN CLAUSE
• The thing that he said wasnt so important.
• (Söyledigi sey o kadar önemli degildi.) RELATIVE
  CLAUSE

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• CLEFT SENTENCES
• Cleft sentencelar cümlenin belirli bir bölümüne
  odaklanmamiza yardimci olmak veya söylemek
  istedigimiz seyi vurgulamak amaciyla
  kullanilirlar.
• Serpil sends Ahmet a letter on sundays.
• Cümlede a letter kelimesini vurgulamak
  istiyorsak It is a letter which Serpil sends
  Ahmet on sundays.
• Cümlede Serpili vurgulamak için It is Serpil
  who sends a letter to Ahmet on sundays.
• Cümlede Ahmeti vurgulamak için It is Ahmet to
  whom Serpil sends a letter on sundays.
• Cümlede günü vurgulamak için It is on sundays
  when Serpil sends Ahmet a letter.

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• Kisileri ya da nesneleri daha specific hale
  getirmek istersek cümleyi the person
  who,the thing that gibi kaliplarla da
  yazabiliriz.
• The thing that is important than anything else is
  your health.
• Vurgu cümlelerinde sebep,yer ya da zaman
  vurgulanmak isteniyorsa the reason why,the
  place where,the day when gibi kaliplar
  kullanilabilir.
• The reason why I have come is to discuss your
  decision about us.
• (Buraya gelmemin sebebi bizimle ilgili kararini
  tartismak.)
• The place where she hides her children is too far
  way from city.
• (Çocuklarini sakladigi yer sehirden çok uzak.)

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REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

• (SIFAT CÜMLECIKLERININ KISALTILMASI)

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Reduction of Relative Clause
45

• Kisaltma yaparken cümleden ilgi
  zamiri(relative
• pronoun) atilir ve sifat cümleciginin
  yüklemi,
• sifat cümleciginin pasif-aktif olmasina,
  zamanina
• veya türüne göre yeniden düzenlenir.
• ? The money was stolen from the
  bank has been
• recovered.

which
? The money stolen from the bank has been
recovered.
46
Ancak bu kisaltmalari yapabilmek için Kisaltma
yapacagimiz cümledeki ilgi zamirlerinin
who,which ya da that olmasi gerekir!
which
who
that
47

• Çünkü, eger kisaltma yapilacak olan cümle
  belirtili sifat cümlecigiyse, o zaman kisaltma,
  cümledeki ilgi zamiri nesne durumundaysa da
  yapilabilir.
• Cümle
• belirtisiz sifat tamlamasi (defining)
• konumundayken
• ? The boy who is running towards us is my son.
  
• (Kisaltma yapilabilir. Cümle belirtisiz sifat
  tamlamasi konumunda ve ilgi zamiri özne
  konumunda)
• ? The boy who you met yesterday is my son.
• (Kisaltma yapilamaz. Çünkü cümle belirtisiz
  sifat tamlamasi konumundayken ilgi zamiri nesne
  konumunda)

48

• Cümle
• Belirtili sifat tamlamasi ( non-defining)
• Konumundaysa
• The boy, who you met yesterday is my son.
• (Burda kisaltma yapabiliriz. Çünkü ilgi zamiri
  nesne konumunda olsa
• da, cümle belirtili sifat tamlamasi konumunda.)

49
Bir sifat cümlecigini (relative clause) su
sekillerde kisaltabiliriz
50
resent
articiple
(VING)

ILE
51
PRESENT PARTICIPLE (-ING) ILE KISALTMA
Eger sifat cümleciginin zamani
ISE, Ve cümle AKTIF yapidaysa
Ilgi zamiri atilir ve sifat cümleciginin
yükleminin birinci haline ing eklenir.
52

• 1.The stadium seats 50.000 spectators
  was completed last year.
• 1.The stadium seating 50.000 spectators was
  completed last year.
• 2.The customer wanted to see the manager
  looked very angry.
• 2.The customer wanting to see the manager looked
  very angry.
• 3. Are you the one who is constantly smoking in
  the living room at nights?
• 3. Are you the one constantly smoking in the
  living room at nights?
• 4.Her parents,who expect her to get a high grade,
  will be disappointed if she cant.
• 4.Her parents, expecting her to get a high grade,
  will be disappointed if she cant.

that
who
53
ast
articiple
(V3
)
ILE
54
PAST PARTICIPLE (V3 ) ILE KISALTMA

• Eger sifat cümleciginin zamani
• ISE,
• Ve cümle PASIF yapidaysa

Ilgi zamiri atilir ve sifat cümleciginin
yükleminin 3. hali yazilir.
55

• 1.The girl is married to a tycoon is very
  happy.
• 1.The girl married to a tycoon is very happy.
• 2. The photographs were published in the
  magazine were conspicuous.
• 2.The photographs published in the magazine were
  conspicuous.
• 3.The points which have been raised at the
  meeting are quite relevant.
• 3.The points raised at the meeting are quite
  relevant.
• 4 .The method which had been used in India would
  be very successful.
• 4.The method used in India would be very
  successful.

who
which
56
Pasif yapidaki simdiki zaman (Present Continuous
)ve geçmis zamanin hikayesi(Past Continuous)
cümlelerinin kisaltilmasi

• Sifat cümleciklerinde kisaltma
• yaparken normalde being kullanilmaz.
• Fakat continuous tenselerle pasif
• eylem kullanilmissa, eylemin sürerlik
• bildirdigini belirtmek için being
• pasif yapida oldugunu belirtmek için V3
• kullaniriz.
• Everybody was captured by the charm of the music
  which was
• being played so beautifully by the orchestra.
• Everybody was captured by the charm of the music
  being played
• so beautifully by the orchestra.

57

• The patient who is being examined by the doctor
  is very ill.
• The patient being examined by the doctor is very
  ill.
• The car which is being washed is very expensive.
• The car being washed is very expensive.
• The term which is currently being discussed at
  the board meeting was added to the agenda at the
  last moment.
• The term currently being discussed at the board
  meeting was added to the agenda at the last
  moment.

58
erfect
articiple
ILE
59

Sifat cümleciginin yüklemiyle ana cümlenin
yüklemi arasinda zaman farki varsa, sifat
cümlecigine geçmis vurgusu yapabiliriz.
Eger sifat cümleciginin yapisi aktifse
Eger sifat cümleciginin yapisi pasifse
Ilgi zamiri atilir.
Ilgi zamiri atilir.
having eklenir.
having been eklenir
Fiil 3. haline getirilir.
Fiil 3. haline getirilir.
60

• AKTIF CÜMLELERDE
• The students who failed the Math course have to
  take it
• again next term.
• Ana fiil has to take (genis zaman)
• Sifat C. Filli failed (geçmis zaman)
• Burdaki zaman farkini belirtmek için kisaltma
  yapabiliriz.
• Su sekilde olur     
• The students having failed the Math course
  has to take it
• again next term.
• The child who had an terrible accident is in a
  hospital now.
• The child having had an terrible accident is
  in a hospital now.

61

• PASIF CÜMLELERDE
• Murat, who had been fired, looked for another job
  for five months .
• Murat, having been fired, looked for another job
  for five months.
• She is the child who was grown by her
  grandmother.
• She is the child having been grown by her
  grandmother.
• The baby who was found in the park is in the
  police office now.
• The baby having been found in the park is in the
  police office now.
• Guests that had been invited before were absent
  in the conference last night.
• Guests having been invited before were absent in
  the conference last night.

62
O
nfinitive
ILE
63
!
Asagidaki yapilardan sonra kisaltmamizi to
infinitive kullanarak yapariz.
64

• Sifat cümleciginde bu yapilar kullanildiginda
  (sira sayi sifati,en üstünlük zarflari,the
  only,kipler,belgisiz zamir) bunlardan sonra
  ilgi zamiri ve eger varsa yardimci fiil atilir,

EKLENIR
65

• Sira sayi sifatlarindan sonra(the first,the
  second,the last, the next vb.)

• Neil Armstrong was the first man who set foot on
  the moon.
• Neil Armstrong was the first man to set foot on
  the moon.
• 
  
  (AKTIF)
• The last person that can be appointed to
  investigate these
• complaints is Mr. Jackson.
• The last person to be appointed to investigate
  these complaints
• is Mr. Jackson.
  
• 
  
  (PASIF)
• 
  
• 
  
•  

66

• The onlyden sonra
• The only man that was seen there that day was Mr
  Smith.
• The only man to be seen there that day was Mr
  Smith.
• 
  (PASIF)
• Nazan was the only student who hadnt done her
  homework.
• Nazan was the only student not to have done her
  homework.
• 
  (AKTIF)
• En üstünlük zarflarindan sonra ( superlatives)
  
• Ali is the strongest contestant who takes part in
  this competition.
• Ali is the strongest contestant to take part in
  this competition.
• 
  (AKTIF)
• It was the best route that could be followed at
  that time.
• It was the best route to be followed at that
  time.
• 
  (PASIF)

67

• Kiplerden sonra (modal verbs)
• A person who can kill an animal for pleasure is
  ruthless.
• A person to kill an animal for pleasure is
  ruthless.
• 
  (AKTIF)
• Today, I will have many work that must be done.
  
• Today, I will have many work to be done.
• 
  (PASIF)
• Belgisiz zamirlerden sonra (something, someone,
  anything, anybody vb.)
• Its cold outside. I need something that I can
  put on.
• Its cold outside. I need something to put on.
• There was nothing that we could eat.
• There was nothing to eat.
  
  
• 
  

68

• Ayrica kisaltma yaparken to infitive yapisini su
  sekilde de kullanabiliriz
• To infinitive ayrica amaç belirtmek için
  kullanilir. Bu durumda in order to / so as to
  vb. amaç bildiren yapilar to
  infinitivee esittir ve Türkçeye için olarak
  çevrilir.
• He needs to study hard in order to improve his
  speaking skill.
• He needs to study hard to improve his speaking
• skill.
• She got up early so as to have time to pack.
• She got up early to have time to pack.

69
ifat
e
dat
sim
70

• Sifat cümleciginde kisaltma yaparken to be (am,
  is, are, was, were, been) den sonra bir edat
  (in, at, on) geliyorsa ilgi zamiri ve to be filli
  atilir.
• The people along both sides of
  the road were watching the parade.
• The people along both sides of the road were
  watching the parade.
• My nightingale, in the cage, sings
  beautifully all the time.
• My nightingale, in the cage, sings beautifully
  all the time.
• The poor cat across the road needs
  feeding.
• The poor cat across the road needs feeding.

who were
which is
that is
71

• Sifat cümleciginde kisaltma yaparken to be (am,
  is, are, was, were, been) den sonra bir sifat
  ya da sifat tamlamasi geliyorsa ilgi zamiri ve
  to be filli atilir.
• Cigarette bad for ones health should
  be avoided.
• Cigarette bad for ones health should be avoided.
  
• Ankara, the capital city of Turkey,
  is also a major trade center.
• Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, is also a
  major trade center.
• The children happy about the
  picnic were full of excitement.
• The children happy about the picnic were full of
  excitement.

which is
that is
who were
72

• Sifat cümleciginde kisaltma yaparken to be (am,
  is, are, was, were, been) den sonra bir isim ya
  da isim tamlamasi geliyorsa ilgi zamiri ve to
  be filli atilir. Bunu genellikle
  tanimsiz(non-defining) sifat cümleciklerinde
  kullaniriz.
• Mr. Clark, a farmer, has many
  goats.
• Mr. Clark, a farmer, has many goats.
• The mammoth, a kind of elephant,
  are extinct animals.
• The mammoth, a kind of elephant, are extinct
  animals.

who is
that are
73

• ! Belirtili sifat tamlamalarinda (non-defining)
  kisaltma yaparken
• Belirtisiz sifat tamlamalarindan farkli olarak,
• kisalttigimiz sifat cümlecigini
• tanimladigi ismin önüne ya da cümlenin sonuna
  atabiliriz.
• 1)Todays people , who arent thinking of the
  future generations, are polluting the earth.
• 1.1)Todays people , not thinking of the future
  generations, are polluting the earth.
• a) Not thinking of the future generations,
  todays people , are polluting the earth.
• b)Todays people are polluting the earth, not
  thinking of the future generations.

74
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75
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References

• Öztürk C, (1994) Building Skills For Proficiency
  Ankara Hacettepe-Tas
• Vince M, (2008) Macmillan English Grammar in
  Context Oxford Macmillan
• Hewings M, (1999) Advanced English Grammar in Use
  Cambridge Cambridge University Press
• Degirmenci I, Sahsuvar D, Grammar Book1 Dilko
• ELS
• Azar B, UnderstandingUsing English Grammar
  Prentice Hall Regents
• www.kpds.org
• www.rainschool.com
• http//www.scribd.com/doc/2561946/RELATIVE-CLAUSES
  
• http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/gramma
  r/relative-pronoun.asp
• www.esl-lounge.com
• www.testyourenglish.net

77
Thanks For Listening