Phrases and Clauses

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Phrases and Clauses

• THE BUILDING BLOCKS
• OF SENTENCES

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• PHRASE
• a group of words that does not have both a
  subject and a verb
• Ex. leaving behind the dog
• smashing into the fence

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• CLAUSE
• a group of words with both a subject verb
• Ex. Because she smiled at him
• I despise individuals with low character.

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Types of Phrases

• Prepositional phrases starts with a
  preposition, ends with a noun
• Ex. Into the kitchen
• Write a sentence on your own using a
  prepositional phrase.

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Types of Phrases

• Appositive phrase a noun or pronoun next to
  another noun or pronoun to explain it
• Ex. A talented musician, Marc, plays in the
  school band.
• Write your own sentence using an appositive
  phrase, then complete exercise 13 (1-10) on page
  159.

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Types of Phrases

• Participle phrase looks like a verb, but acts
  like an adjective. (present participle ends in
  -ing, past participle ends in -ed)
• Ex. Seeing itself in the mirror, the cat was
  frightened. (Present participle)
• Ex. Disgusted with the image, the cat arched his
  back. (Past participle)
• Write a sentence with a participle phrase, and
  then complete exercise 6 (1-10) on page 150.

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Types of Phrases

• Gerund Phrase looks like a verb, but acts like
  a noun (Ends in ing)
• Ex. The frantic darting of the fish indicated a
  shark was nearby.
• Write a sentence using a gerund phrase, then
  complete practice exercise on pg 153 Exercise 8
  (1-10)

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• Infinitive Phrase a verb following to and can
  be used as noun, adj, or adv
• Ex. The person to win the prize will give the
  correct response. In this case (used as adj)
• Write a sentence using an infinitive phrase, then
  complete exercise 11 (1-10) on page 156.

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• INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
• a complete thought that can stand alone.
• Ex. I despise individuals with low character.

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• DEPENDENT CLAUSE
• group of words with both a subject and verb
  cannot stand alone or it is a fragment.
• Ex. Because she smiled at him,

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Independent clauses a foundation and the frame
of the house.
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dependent clauses like the windows or doors
(they enhance what is already there, but cant
function alone)
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Independent vs Dependent

• Independent Is a complete thought. The
  sentence can stand alone.
• Ex. I like eating hamburgers every night.
• Dependent Is not a complete thought. The
  sentence can not stand alone
• Ex. Eating hamburgers for dinner every night

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Examples of Dependent Sentences

• 1. After I danced,
• 2. Because he was hungry,
• 3. Until I get an A,
• 4. When I get my new pony,
• 5. Since I love SpongeBob,

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Examples of Independent Sentences

• I watch Spongebob everyday.
• I go outside to ride my bike, and I watch
  Spongebob daily.
• Since Spongebob does not come on in the morning,
  I go outside to ride my bike.
• Although I like to watch Spongebob, the show does
  not come on in the morning so I go outside and
  ride my bike.

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• SIMPLE SENTENCE
• one independent clause
• I like SpongeBob.
• Write 5 simple sentences
• about spongeBob.

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• Punctuating COMPOUND sentences 2 or more
  independent clauses
• I like SpongeBob, and I like Plankton.

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• OR punctuate this way
• 2 or more independent clauses
• I like SpongeBob I like Plankton.

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How do we punctuate compound sentences?

• 1.) Comma and a conjunction (FANBOYS)
• 2. ) Semicolon ()
• SpongeBob makes Krabby patties.
• (join these)
• They are quite delicious!
• Write 5 compound sentences about SpongeBob

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Two ways to punctuate compound sentences!

• SpongeBob makes Krabby patties,
• and they are delicious.
• SpongeBob makes Krabby patties they are
  delicious.

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• COMPLEX
• dependent independent
• Because he makes me laugh,
• I like SpongeBob.

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DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters

• ADVERB STARTERS
• after in order that until
• although since when
• as so that whenever
• because than where
• before though wherever
• if unless while

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DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters

• ADJECTIVE STARTERS
• 1) THAT
• 2) WHO
• 3) WHOM
• 4) WHOSE
• 5) WHICH

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Whats the difference?

• Adjective
• Adjective phrase
• Adjective clause

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• An adjective is a word that modifies or describes
  a noun
• Ex. Spongebob is an experienced fry cook.
• experienced describes the type of fry cook
  Spongebob is.
• Write 5 sentences with adjectives. Underline the
  noun circle the adjective.

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• An adjective phrase is a group of words that acts
  like an adjective.
• Ex. Spongebob is a fry cook with a lot of
  experience.
• With a lot of experience is a phrase describing
  Spongebeb.
• Write 5 sentences using adjective phrases that
  describes a noun. Underline the noun circle the
  adjective phrase

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• Adjective clause contains subject and verb, and
  begins with relative pronoun (who, whom, whose,
  that or which)
• Ex. Spongebob, who loves the Krusty Krab, is
  never late for work.
• Adjective clause, who loves the Krusty Crab,
  cannot stand alone as a sentence.
• Write 5 sentences with adjective clauses.
  Underline the nouncircle the adjective clause

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Dependent clause punctuation

• Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a
  sentence!
• Because he makes me laugh,
• I like SpongeBob.

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Dependent clause punctuation

• Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a
  sentence
• When I want entertainment, I watch SpongeBob.

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Dependent clause punctuation

• Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a
  sentence
• If I get a choice of shows,
• I watch SpongeBob.

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Dependent clause punctuation

• Do not use a comma when the dependent clause
  does not begin the sentence!
• I like SpongeBob because he makes me laugh.

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Heres my example!

• When Gary runs away from home,
• SpongeBob is devastated.
• SpongeBob is devastated
• when Gary runs away
• from home.

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Write two more complex sentences!

• Use the dependent clause starter if
• If you are hungry,
• you should visit the Krusty Krab!
• You should visit the Krusty Krab
• if you are hungry.

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Now, write 5 complex sentences!

• Start a sentence with the dependent clause.
• Then, rewrite the sentence to end with the
  dependent clause.
• Use the dependent clause
• starters when, because, if, since, and
  although
• Remember, your clause must have a
  subject and a verb!

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Could you turn our complex sentence into a
compound-complex sentence?

• If you are hungry,
• you should visit the Krusty Krab!

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• COMPOUND COMPLEX
• 2 INDEPENDENT clauses
• 1 DEPENDENT clause

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EXAMPLES

• Because they make me laugh,
• I like SpongeBob,
• and I like Plankton.

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Turn these clauses into complex sentences

• Patrick is annoying
• Plankton wants the Krabby Patty recipe
• The Hashslinging Slasher visits

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COMMAS

• AFTER INTRODUCTORY WORDS
• AFTER INTRODUCTORY PHRASES
• AFTER INTRODUCTORY CLAUSES
• BETWEEN 2 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
• BEFORE THE CONJUNCTION

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Introductory Words

• Unfortunately, I love chocolate.
• Therefore, I eat it often.
• Also, I like ice cream.
• But, I am allergic to it.
• Thus, I should not eat it.
• Once, I saw a Yettie.
• Next, I saw Bigfoot.
• Finally, I caught a leprechaun!

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Introductory Phrases

• To be or not to be, that is the question.
• Inside the small garden, there is a gnome.
• (prep phrases of 4 or more)

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Introductory Dependent Clauses

• When I grow up,
• Before I become president,
• Since I am so short,
• Until I study for my test,

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BETWEEN INDEPENDENT

• St. Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland,
• but he was originally British.
• St. Patrick was captured by Irish raiders, and he
  worked as a slave for 6 years.
• St. Patrick had a dream to escape, so he walked
  200 miles to the shore.

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• Whats the difference between
• a phrase a clause?

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On your own

1. Write a phrase
2. Write a clause
3. Write a simple sentence
4. Write a compound sentence
5. Write a complex sentence
6. Write a compound-complex sentence

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Book Exercises

• Simple Sentences pg. 186
• Compound Sentences pg. 189
• Complex Sentences pg. 192
• Compound-Complex Sentences pg. 194
• Review A and B, and Chapter Review pgs. 195-199