Kingdom Animalia Invertebrates Chordates

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Kingdom Animalia
Invertebrates Chordates Fish
By Damian Przybylo Soobin Kim
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FISH EXAMPLES
Zebrasoma flavescens
Petromyzon marinus
Galeocerdo cuvier
INVERTEBRATE CHORDATE EXAMPLES
Branchiostoma lanceolatum
Pyura spinifera
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EVOLUTION
Fish were the first vertebrates on earth, having
the oldest fossil known, dated about 550 million
years ago. Fish are related to the evolution of
all land vertebrates, such as reptiles,
amphibians, etc.
First invertebrates appeared on earth in the
Proterozoic period, about 650 million years ago.
From here, other animals evolved from
invertebrates.
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Symmetry/Body Cavity/ Structural Support

• Fish have bilateral symmetry, which means if it
  were to be cut in half, the two parts would
  exactly be the same.
• In invertebrate chordates, urochordatas have
  radial symmetry, and cephalochordata have
  bilateral.
• Fish are coelomates, or animals with a true
  coelom.
• Invertebrate chordates, such as cephalochordatas
  are also coelomates.
• Fish are vertebrates, and have bones, such as
  back bones to support its body. Some are also
  made of cartilage. They provide protection and
  gives structure. They also have fins and a tail
  that extends from the anus.
• Invertebrate chordates, such as cephalochordatas
  have no backbone, but have a muscular notochord
  instead, and they are unlike vertebrates.

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Excretion/Water Balance

• Some invertebrate chordates, such as tunicates
  require no special organs for excretion, but use
  ammonia which diffuses into the sea water.
• Others such as Lancelets have excretion organs
  such as protonephridia.
• Fish maintain balance by retaining high
  concentrations of urea and trimethyl amine oxide
  in their blood. The urea increases the salt
  concentration to the level of sea-water. To keep
  salt concentrations low similar to the
  environment, elasmobranchs secrete salt through
  the kidneys and a special gland, the rectal
  gland, which connects to the alimentary canal.
  The rectal gland concentrates and eliminates both
  salt and chloride ions from the body tissues.

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Circulation/Transportation

• A fishs circulatory system carries blood from
  the heart through the gills and to the body
  tissues before returning to the heart.
• Its heart is a series of four chambers with
  deoxygenated blood running through the heart to
  the gills without returning to the heart,
• The heart chambers are separated by valves to
  prevent blood flowing in the wrong direction
  during ventricular pumping.
• In invertebrate chordates the blood is propelled
  by a distinct heart Unoxygenated blood is
  propelled forward by a vessel called the ventral
  aorta. It then passes through a series of
  branchial arteries in the gills, where gas
  exchange takes place, and the oxygenated blood
  flows to the body, much of it returns to its
  origin via a dorsal aorta.

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Nutrition Digestion

• Invertebrate chordates-
• Cephalochordatas- Water is taken through its
  mouth by cilia, and then passes through the gill
  slits, which filters out food particles, while
  water is passed on. Digestive enzymes are
  released and digested in the iliocolonic ring.
• Urochordata- are mostly sessile, unable to move
  and attached to rocks, which filter out food by
  having many gill slits from the water like
  sponges.
• Fish can eat from algae, plants, to animals.
  Esophagus are used, and most fishes have
  stomachs. The pancreas excrete digestive enzymes
  and digest it. The intestines absorb the food
  nutrition, and wastes are excreted through the
  anus.

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Reproduction

• There is a wide range of reproduction for fish.
• Fish can be males, females, or hermaphrodites.
• Basic reproduction for hermaphrodites is eggs
  produced in the ovaries, and sperm produced in
  testes combine later when released into the body
  cavity.
• Most fish reproduce externally. Ovaries in the
  female produce eggs while Testes in the male
  produce sperm. The eggs and sperm are released
  through an opening behind the anus.
• Some bony fishes, called livebearers yield live
  babies the male injects sperm into the female by
  using his anal fin. (internal fertilization) And
  then the female carriers the eggs until they are
  released.
• Most Invertebrate Chordates are hermaphroditic.
• They store there eggs inside their bodies until
  they hatch, while sperm is released into the
  water where it fertilizes other individuals in
  with incoming water.

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Gas Exchange/Respiration

• Gills are the primary respiratory organ of fish.
• They are located lateral to the mouth cavity
• During ventilation water flows into the mouth
  across the gill and through the gill slits.
• Urochordata- Filters out food and oxygen from
  the water in gill slits
• Cephalochordata- Respires directly through the
  body walls.

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UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Do sharks sleep? Fish don't sleep in the same way
  that we do, but they have active and inactive
  periods. Some sharks like the nurse shark have
  been observed resting motionless on the seafloor.
  Others have to keep moving in order to breathe.
• Many species of open ocean shark need to swim
  constantly to keep water flowing across their
  gills, and to keep themselves from sinking.
•