AP World History Review

1
AP World History Review

• Chapters 11-13
• Part I

2
Dear students

• Note to students Although I wasnt able to
  finish this for you, that doesnt mean you cant
  finish it!
• Save this Power Point to your computer
• Add in the missing information, some of which you
  heard in class today, and then save this for
  review for the Final Exam as well as to review
  for the AP exam in May.

3
What advantages were realized by the wide extent
of the Mongol empire?

• The Pax Mongolica allowed for exchange of ideas
  through cultural diffusion including ideas of
  technology.
• Trade was enhanced by connecting Europe, Middle
  East, Russia and East Asia together through their
  connection of the Mongol empire
• Threat of Mongol invasion spurred the neighboring
  countries to vigorously develop their own
  defenses, technology and political structure
  p.291-293

4
How was iron smelting an important skill of the
Central Asian nomadic tribes?

• Since they lived a nomadic life that depended
  heavily on the use of horses, iron became
  necessary for bridles, stirrups, cart fittings
  and weapons.
• Central Asians improved iron smelting techniques.
• Note Temujin (Genghis Khan) means blacksmith
  p.296

5
What were characteristics of the Mongol conquest
strategies?

• Psychological warfare-a reputation for brutality
  would precede them and persuade people to
  surrender peacefully
• Extraordinary horsemen, ability to use deadly
  accuracy with a bow and arrow while riding at a
  full gallop (A skill still used today for
  competition in Mongolia). They used a thumb lock
  mechanism to facilitate the smooth release of the
  arrow.
• The bow, made of layered lacquered wood, bone and
  leather could shoot farther than the bows of
  their enemies
• First, they used arrows to kill the opponents
  marksmen
• Continued next slide

6
Mongol war strategies continued

• 2nd- used sword, lance and javelin etc to do hand
  to hand fighting.
• Used flaming arrows and catapults
• Used siege to force capitulation
• Pg. 300-301

7
What were the technological advancements of the
Mongols?

• Improved iron smelting techniques
• Funded advancements in medicine and
  astronomy-built several observatories
• Devised a more accurate calendar
• Extended Grand Canal towards Beijing (Daidu)
• Built network of roads
• Developed a new square script language but it
  never caught on
• http//afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/china/china3
  _e.htm

8
List the Mongol Khanates

• Kipchak (Golden Horde)
• Great Khan (Yuan under Kubilai Khan)
• Jagadai
• IL-Khans
• Pg. 301

9
Il-Khan ruler Ghazan

• Muslim
• Supported the arts, especially literature
• Economic problems-promised reduced taxes but need
  for revenue forced him to renege on that
• The high taxes caused resentment, fighting and
  de-stabilized the government
• Separated from the other Mongol Khans
• P. 303

10
How did the Mongols treat the conquered people in
their empire?

• Resistance meant mass slaughter and starvation
  surrender meant food, shelter and protection
• Allowed religious expression
• As long as the taxes were paid to the Mongol
  Khan, the villagers were left in peace.
• Conquered people had to provide military recruits

11
How did Buddhism and Islam impact the Mongols?

• Buddhism
• Khubilai Khan had his son tutored by a Confucian
  and he used Confucian ideas
• Buddhist lamas became popular teachers. The
  idea of a universal ruler bringing the whole
  world to Buddhism was appealing

• Islam
• Repulsed by Mongol worship of idols
• Animal sacrifice beliefs were completely opposite
• Caused tension between Khanates of Muslim and
  non-Muslims
• Islamic value of culture, science and learning
  influenced Mongols in this area

12
What was the role of women in Mongol society?

• Marriages were arranged to combine resources and
  make important alliances
• Women had some power in negotiation and
  management but took the risks as well
• Women responsible for the livestock
• Mothers of rulers often managed the empire
  between the death of one ruler and ascension of
  another

13
What is the Yuan dynasty?

• The dynasty to rule over China created by Kubilai
  Khan
• Beijing, the capital, became the center of
  culture and economy
• Kubilai Khan re-united China and restored much of
  the Chinese culture
• Persian, Arab and Uighur tax administrators were
  hired to take census and collect taxes
• Muslims hired to create calendars and continue
  astronomy

14
Yuan dynasty continued

• Government was organized and systematic with
  local governors, tax collectors and garrison
  commanders
• Merchants became the new elite, corporations grew
• Mongolian-influenced Chinese language (Mandarin)
• Cities began to cater to the tastes of the new
  merchant class with restaurants, shops and
  entertainment
• Cottage industries provided goods to the cities

15
What were the negative factors about the Yuan
dynasty?

• Mongol princes evicted many farmers
• Imposed brutal taxation that left many homeless
• Neglected dams and dikes so flooding caused much
  damage
• Warfare, low food and bubonic plague took a toll
  on population.

16
What were the lasting impacts of the Mongols on
China?

• Brought unity to lands between Europe and China
• Trade was stimulated through protection of trade
  routes encouraging industrial production
• Cultural diversity in government operations
• Astronomy and math inventions

17
The political structure of the Mongols in the
13th century was

• Mongols were warriors and leaders
• Central Asians and Middle Easterners were census
  takers and tax collectors
• Provincial governors appointed by the central
  authority

18
What are the characteristics of Islamic art?

• Beautiful calligraphy of verses of the Quran in
  Arabic
• Nature subjects such as flowers, trees, animals
• Intricate geometric designs

19
What were the major trade routes of the 13th to
15th centuries?

• Silk Road
• Trans-Sahara
• Black Sea-Baltics
• Indian Ocean
• Mediterranean

20
How does the Mayan civilization compare to the
early West Asian civilizations?

• Civilization that was never unified into a single
  empire
• Major contributions in astronomy, math and
  calendar

• Civilization that was divided into several
  khanates, never unified into one large empire
  under one ruler
• Supported research in astronomy, math and new,
  more accurate calendars

21
What areas were conquered by Genghis Khan?

• Northern China
• Central Asia
• Iran

22
Where did Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta travel?

• Marco Polo-born in Venice, Italy. Travelled
  through Iran, Central Asia, China to Beijing. He
  also travelled to Viet Nam, Sumatra, and India

• Ibn Battuta-born in Morocco, travelled throughout
  the Islamic world through the Middle East,
  Central Asia, India, China, Southeast Asia,
  Muslim Spain and sub-Saharan West Africa

23
What issues were between the various khanates?

• Division over Islamic beliefs. Some Khans were
  Muslims, others were not
• Incursions into each others regions

24
What problems were caused by the tax-farming
methods of the Il-Khan?

• In the Il-Khan khanate the Mongol government
  sold tax collecting contracts to small
  partnerships (usually merchants) who could use
  any method they wanted to collect the money and
  could keep any amount collected over the
  contracted amount.
• The unregulated tax farmers/collectors charged
  exorbitant fees and forced many landowners into
  debt and eventually poverty
• Agricultural production went down
• The government couldnt get enough food for the
  military so took over land to grow their own
  grain.
• The government land wasnt taxed, of course so
  the tax-payers became smaller and the financial
  needs of the government grew larger
• Eventually, financial depression, unrest and
  resentment led to fighting between the Mongols
  and de-stabilized the government

25
What were some of the cultural and artistic
exchanges between East Asia and the Middle East
because of the connection of the Mongol Empire?

• Chinese silks, porcelains, and artistic methods
  to portray clouds, rocks and trees were prized in
  the Middle East. They also sent scholars and
  texts to share stabilized sighting tubes for
  astronomy, and armillary spheres to show
  celestial movements
• Middle Eastern engineering, astronomy,
  mathematics, as well as medical knowledge and
  weapons manufacture were sought after in China

26
What was the relationship between the Orthodox
Church and the Mongols?

• The Mongols of the Golden Horde granted
  privileges to the Orthodox church to help
  facilitate control of their Russian lands
• The Mongols recruited Russian princes to act as
  their tax collectors and census takers.

27
What was the role of Moscow during the Mongols
rule?

• With the urging of Prince of Novorod (Alexander
  Nevskii) several other Russian princes agreed to
  submit to the Mongols and in return Novgorod and
  the emerging town of Moscow began to gain
  economic, political and cultural ascendency over
  the previous capital of Kiev.
• Moscow slowly became the political center

28
How was Mongol rule in Russia ended?

• Ivan III ( Prince of Russia)
• took the title of tsar and as the Mongols
  control of their vast regions began to crumble
  the independence movements of many states such as
  Lithuania and Russia allowed them to break free
  of the Mongol control

29
What were the impacts on Europe of Ogodais death?
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What were the technological advances of the Ming
dynasty?
31
What was Annams role in 15th century Vietnam?
32
How did the Mongols utilize a tribute system?
33
What impact did the Mongols have on Russia?
34
What are the characteristics of the Mesoamerican
and Andean civilizations?
35
What are characteristics of the Incan culture?
36
What is the social class structure in
Mesoamerican civilizations?
37
What beliefs led many early American cultures to
use human sacrifice?
38
What are the characteristics of Aztec society?
39
How do the Aztecs and the Incans compare with
each other?

• Aztecs

• Incans

40
What was the level of technology in pre-Columbian
North America?
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