Chapter 12 The Age of Religious Wars

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Chapter 12The Age of Religious Wars
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Why wars?

• Renaissance ? Reformation ? Wars
• Catholic Baroque art and architecture v.
  Mannerism Protestant art and architecture
• Politiques were people who put peace and
  compromise over religious purity.

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War in France

• Huguenots French Protestants
• France was divided, Guise family was powerful and
  Catholic.
• Catherine de Medicis was woman in power during
  the reigns of her three sons. She tried to keep
  her sons in power and France out of anarchy.

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War all the time

• The Duke of Guise was assassinated after he
  started the first war of religion in France by
  attacking protestants in church.
• Catherine wanted France to remain Catholic but
  she played both sides against each other. She
  didnt want the radical Guises to take over.
  Huguenots wanted France to help Protestants in
  the Netherlands against Spain.
• St. Bartholomews Day Massacre On August 24,
  1572, 3,000 Huguenots were murdered in Paris.
  Over the next few days 20,000 were murdered all
  over France. Catherine supported the massacre as
  a way to check growing Huguenot power.

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Henry III

• Was the last of Catherines sons to become king.
  (R. 1574-1589)
• The Catholic League was formed in 1576 by Henry
  of Guise, it was a response to Henry IIIs Peace
  of Beaulieu which had given religious freedom to
  Huguenots.
• Henry III had Duke of Guise and Cardinal of Guise
  assassinated. This set off more violence and
  forced Henry III to ally with Henry of Navarre in
  1589.
• Henry III was then assassinated by a radical
  Dominican Friar.

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Henry of Navarre, Henry IV, Henry the Great

• Succeeded Henry III to become Henry IV. He was a
  Huguenot and converted from Calvinism to
  Catholicism prior to becoming King.
• In 1598 he enacted the Edict of Nantes. It gave
  Huguenots religious freedom and effectively ended
  Frances civil war.

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Henry IV as Hercules slaying the Lernaean Hydra
(Catholic League)by Toussaint Dubreuil
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He was Assassinated by a Catholic fanatic in 1610.
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Spain

• Philip II reigned 1556-1598
• Hapsburg
• Spanish were powerful
• Gold and Silver from New World
• Increased Population (All over Europe)
• Powerful and efficient Bureaucracy and Military
• Naval Power, Supremacy in the Mediterranean
• Spain was united, Catholic

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Fight with the Turks

• Turks were expanding into the Med. and Europe.
• Spain allied with Venice, Genoa and the Pope
  (Holy League) to fight the Muslim Turks.
• Don John of Austrias fleet fought Ali Pasha on
  October 7, 1571. 30,000 Turks died in the Battle
  of Lepanto.

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Battle of Lepanto
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Revolt in the Netherlands

• Cardinal Granvelle tried to institute Spanish
  control over economy and religion in diverse,
  independent Netherlands.
• Opposing him were
• William of Orange became Calvinist after the St.
  Bartholomews Day Massacre (1572).
• Count of Egmont
• In 1564, William and Egmont were able to get
  Granvelle removed from office.

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Increasing Tensions

• In 1564, Philip II tried to enforce the decrees
  of the Council of Trent throughout the
  Netherlands.
• Common people began to rebel.
• The Compromise was a pledge of the people to
  resist Trent and the Inquisition.
• The rebellion was crushed by the Duke of Alba.
  He was sent by Philip II with 10,000 man army.
• Netherlands Nobility did not join in rebellion.
• The Council of Troubles/Council of Blood ruled N.
  It executed Count Egmont and thousands of
  heretics.

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William of Orange and the Spanish Fury

• William of Orange was in exile in Germany. He
  worked to unite the Netherlands and allies
  against Spain.
• Known as the Beggars and Sea Beggars they fought
  against the Spanish.
• Spanish Fury Spanish Mercenaries rioted, looted
  and murdered 7,000 people in Antwerp. This
  united the Dutch against the Spanish.
• In 1577, Don John was defeated and forced to sign
  Perpetual Edict. It was an agreement to remove
  all Spanish troops from the Netherlands.
• William of Orange became new King of Netherlands.

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Spanish didnt give up that easily

• Don John and Alexander Farnese convinced Catholic
  south to break away from Calvinist north. South
  formed Union of Arras and allied with Spain.
• (North Netherlands, South Belgium)
• Philip II declared William of Orange an outlaw.
  William gave a speech the Apology in which he
  denounced Philip as a heathen.
• Kept fighting until 1648 and the Treaty of
  Westphalia.

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England

• Lady Jane Grey became Queen when King Edward VI
  died. She was subsequently removed and beheaded
  so Mary I could become Queen.
• The people wanted Mary because she was Henry
  VIIIs daughter.
• Mary was Catholic daughter of Catherine of
  Aragon. She married Philip II of Spain. Was
  only Queen from 1553-1558.
• She made England Catholic again and started
  persecuting Protestants. (287 were burned at the
  stake) Marian Exiles were people who fled
  persecution and went to Europe. (Bloody Mary)

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Elizabeth I

• Became Queen when Mary died without an heir.
• Elizabeth was aided by Sir William Cecil.
• Returned England to Anglicanism with 1559 Act of
  Supremacy (again).
• Act of Uniformity made everyone in England use
  the Book of Common Prayer. Moderate
  Protestantism became religion of England.

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England gets its reformation on

• Elizabeth tried to stop religious violence.
• Catholic extremists wanted to replace Elizabeth
  with Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots.
• Puritans where Protestants who wanted to make
  Church of England pure of Pope.
• Puritans worked to create independent
  presbyteries (Presbyterians)
• Presbyters council of church elders.
• Extreme Puritans wanted no one to tell them what
  to do Congregationalists.

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England v. Spain

• Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy
  in 1570.
• Spain invading Netherlands worried England, they
  could invade England next.
• England signed a mutual protection pact with
  France. (Balance of Power)
• Sir Francis Drake and John Hawkins began robbing
  Spanish galleons (pirates!).
• In 1585 Elizabeth signed the Treaty of Nonsuch.
  It provided English soldiers and cavalry to
  Netherlands.
• Also she started openly supporting Henry Navarre
  in France (Protestant).

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England v. Spain

• Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots was executed by
  Elizabeth when a plot make her Queen of England
  was uncovered.
• Mary was daughter of Mary of Guise. Catholic and
  had been raised primarily in France.
• Execution of Catholic Mary Spanish invasion of
  England.
• 1587 Sir Francis Drake attacked Cadiz and
  Portugal. This pushed invasion back to 1588.
• In May of 1588 Philips Armada left Spain with
  130 ships and 25,000 men.

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Tilbury Speech
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Holy Roman Empire

• 30 Years War 1618-1648
• Germany was 360 autonomous political entities.
  The Peace of Augsburg had given them religious
  and economic freedom.
• There was increasing tension between Catholics,
  Calvinists and Lutherans.
• Other European countries got involved on
  religious grounds.

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Four Periods of the 30 yrs War

• Bohemian 1618-1625
• New King of Bohemia is Catholic, Protestants not
  happy defenestrate his regents. Defenestration
  of Prague
• Danish 1625-1629
• Lutheran Denmark invades HRE, is defeated
• Swedish 1630-1635
• Lutheran Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden kicked
  Catholic butt, until he died on the battlefield.
• Swedish-French 1635-1648
• French sent soldiers and money into HRE. French,
  Spanish and Swedish soldiers waged war all over
  the HRE, Looting and destroying.

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30 Years War

• Killed 1/3 of German population, the worst
  catastrophe in Europe since the Black Death.
• HRE was devastated and divided.
• Started over religion but was really fought over
  greed and power. Ex. Albrecht of Wallenstein was
  Protestant, helped Catholics.
• Treaty of Westphalia ended war in 1648

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The Treaty of Westphalia

• Written in French, not Latin.
• Reasserted Peace of Augsburg, ruler of land
  determines religion.
• Recognized Calvinism and legal religion.
• Independence for Netherlands and Swiss.
• Pope did not like it because it gave more legal
  status to Protestants.
• France and Spain remained at war elsewhere until
  1659.

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