Diapositiva 1

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Basic Laboratory Techniques in Chemistry
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PURIFICATION OF WATER
The usual laboratory method of obtaining pure
water is distillation.
This method of purification will remove any
substance that has a boiling point heigher than
that of water.
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When water contains bicarbonates of Ca, Mg or Fe
it is said to have carbonate hardness.
When water contains calcium sulphate, magnesium
sulphate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride
it is said to have noncarbonate hardness.
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Another effective method of obtaining pure water
is the use of organic deionizers.
These are organic resins that exchange H ions for
the cations and OH ions for the anions.
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water
Heavy water
Natural water
Pure water
Deionizers
Distillation
Zeolite
Evaporation
Condensation
Dowex
Amberlite
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PREPARATION OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN
Among the gases that occur in the atmosphere,
oxygen is the most important to use.
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OXYGEN
Method of preparation

• Heating potassium chlorate
• Fractional distillation of liquid air
• - Electrolysis of water

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HYDROGEN
Method of preparation

• Using metal
• Electrolysis of water
• Passing steam

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CARBON AND HYDROCARBONS
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the
compounds of carbon.
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The forms of carbon
Fuel
Lubrificant
Electrical conductor
Metallurgy
Catting tools
Special metal
Alloys
Charcoal Coke Anthracite
graphite
Diamond
Amorphous
CARBON
Halogen
Carbons
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon compounds
Dyes
Plastics
Textile fibers
Medicines
Drugs
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HYDROCARBONS
Alkane
They have single covalent bonds
Series
They have double covalent bonds
Alkene
They have triple covalent bonds
Alkynes
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HYDROCARBONS PROCESSING

• Cracking
• Alkylation
• Polymerization
• Hydrogenation
• Dehydrogenation
• Aromatization

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BIBLIOGRAPHY P. Briano A Matter of life -
English for Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology
Edisco P. Vaudo On the Lab Ed. Yuvenilia
Author Gabriele