Introduction to Psychological Science

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Introduction to Psychological Science

• Study Session, Exam 3

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• Which of the following is NOT considered a mood
  disorder?
• Major depressive disorder
• Bipolar disorder
• Seasonal affective disorder
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder Mood disorders
are mental disorders that have mood disturbances
as their predominant feature. The two main forms
of mood disorders are depression bipolar
disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is
anxiety disorder.
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TRUE OR FALSE The following is an example of
helplessness theory A student accounts for a
low grade on a test by thinking they are stupid.
They believe that they will always be stupid.
They believe that they will receive low scores on
all future tests and assignments.
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TRUE Negative experiences are due to internal
causes (I am stupid), which are stable (I will
always be stupid), and global (I will receive low
scores on all future tests and assignments)
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• Helplessness theory explains negative experiences
  thought internal, stable, and global causes in
  people who are prone to __________.
• Dissociative amnesia
• Panic disorder
• Depression
• Generalized anxiety disorder

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C. Depression
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• A person that experiences schizophrenia may
  experience delusions. Which of the following is
  an example of a delusion?
• Hearing voices
• Believing that aliens are trying to abduct you
• Believing that you are Jesus Christ
• B C

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D. B C Delusions are patently false belief
systems, often bizarre and grandiose, that is
maintained in spite of its irrationality. Common
delusions include believing you are a famous
person and the belief that you are being
persecuted (by the CIA, demons, etc.) Hearing
voices is an example of a hallucination.
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• Paul has a sister, Amy, who is schizophrenic.
  His chances of having schizophrenia are
  __________ than the chance of having
  schizophrenia if you are a MZ twin and your twin
  has schizophrenia.
• Lower
• Greater
• Equal
• Unknown

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• Lower
• The closer a persons genetic relatedness to a
  person with schizophrenia, the greater the
  likelihood of developing the disorder. Since
  Paul and Amy share less genetic material than MZ
  twins do, Paul has a lower chance of developing
  schizophrenia than if he were a MZ twin with
  someone that had the disorder.

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• The terms sociopath and psychopath best describe
  someone who has which of the following
  personality disorders?
• Schizotypal
• Antisocial
• Borderline
• Avoidant

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B. Antisocial Antisocial personality disorder is
defined as a pervasive pattern of disregard for
and violation of the rights of others that begins
in childhood or early adolescence and continues
into adulthood.
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• According to the frustration-aggression
  principle, if I plan to rob a convenience store
  to get money, but there is a clerk standing in
  front of the register I am most likely to do
  which of the following?
• Pull out my gun and point it at the clerk,
  demanding he get out of the way or else
• Politely ask for the clerk to give me the money
• Leave the store
• Realize that being a robber is bad and decide to
  change my ways

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• A. Pull out my gun and point it at the clerk,
  demanding he get out of the way or else
• People aggress when their goals are thwarted
• My goal is to get to money, which is being
  prevented by the clerk standing in front of the
  register.

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TRUE OR FALSE Impulsive aggression is usually
about scare resources.
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FALSE Impulsive aggression is rarely about scare
resources it occurs when people aggress
spontaneously and without premeditation.
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• According to reciprocal altruism why would I
  bring Colin chicken noodle soup when he is sick?
• I generally care about his well-being
• I made soup and did not eat all of it
• I am a good friend
• I hope that Colin will remember this and somehow
  return the favor in the future

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D. I hope that Colin will remember this and
somehow return the favor in the
future Reciprocal altruism is not very
altruistic!!!
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• When bystanders are less likely to help an
  innocent person in distress when there are many
  other bystanders acting the same way is most
  likely due to __________.
• Prejudice
• Group polarization
• Diffusion of responsibility
• None of the above

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C. Diffusion of responsibility Individuals feel
diminished responsibility for their actions
because they are surrounded by others who are
acting the same way Kitty Genovese
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TRUE OR FALSE In Milgrams classic study,
participants enjoyed shocking the learner.
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FALSE Participants did not enjoy having to shock
the learners, they showed much distress.
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• At the grocery store I encounter a cashier who is
  very rude. Unknown to me, the cashier got a flat
  tire, was late to work, and got in trouble with
  his boss. I immediately make the judgment that
  the cashier is a miserable, nasty person. Which
  of the following have I just committed?
• actor-observer effect
• Correspondence bias
• Fundamental attribution error
• B C

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D. B C Correspondence bias is the tendency to
make a dispositional attribution even when a
persons behavior was caused by the situation
also called the fundamental attribution error
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At this level of moral development(Kohlberg), a
child may not take a piece of candy from another
because he or she is afraid of being punished
opposed to being guided by feelings of morality
or an understanding of the law. A.)
Pre-conventional stage B.) Conventional stage C.)
Post-conventional stage D.) Hyper-conventional
stage
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Correct Answer A.) Pre-conventional stage, which
is a stage of moral development in which the
morality of an action is primarily determined by
its consequences for the actor.
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People who have reached this stage of moral
development (Kohlberg) are concerned with the
innate rights of humans and are guided by their
own ethical principles. A.) Pre-conventional
stage B.) Conventional stage C.)
Post-conventional stage D.) Hyper-conventional
stage
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Correct answer C.) Post-conventional stage of
moral development, at this stage the morality of
an action is determined by a set of general
principles that reflect core values.
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The failure to understand that that the world
appears differently to different observers is
known as A.) Ethnocentrism B.) Incompetence C.)
Theory of Mind D.) Egocentrism
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Correct answer D.) Egocentrism is the failure to
understand that the world appears differently to
different observers. Theory of Mind is the idea
that human behavior is guided by mental
representation, which gives rise to the
realization that the world is not always the way
it looks and that different people see it
differently.
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Babies have different patterns of emotional
reactivity that are known as A.) Traits B.)
Temperaments C.) Characteristics D.) Conciousness
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Correct answer B.) Temperaments are
characteristic patterns of Emotional reactivity.
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A ________ is anything that can disrupt the
development of an embryo or fetus in a pregnant
mother's womb.These may cause a birth defect,
malformation, or terminate the pregnancy
altogether.It can be in the form of harmful drugs
or chemicals, like birth control pills, nicotine,
alcohol, or some types of medication. A.)
Myelin Sheath B.) Conundra C.) Teratogen D.)
Sonic boom
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Correct answer C.) Teratogen, Agents that damage
the process of development, such as drugs and
viruses.
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A human fetus is responsive to sound at
approximately 6 months of development. A.)
TRUE B.) FALSE
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Correct answer A.) True, at 6 months the fetus
CAN hear, so those Mothers with headphones on
their pregnant bellies are not crazy.
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At this stage of cognitive development children
learn about and start to understand the world
around them by doing things like sucking,
grasping, crawling, etc. A.) Sensorimotor B.)
Preoperational C.) Concrete operational D.)
Formal operational
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Correct answer A.) Sensorimotor, Piagets first
stage of cognitive development from birth to 2
years. The infant experiences the world through
movement and senses, develops schemas, begins to
act intentionally, and shows evidence of
understanding object permanence.
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In this stage of cognitive development (from
about 6 to 11 years of age) children gain the
abilities and mental operations that allow them
to think logically about concrete events such as
mathematical operations and principles, and
conservation. A.) Childhood B.) Concrete
operational stage C.) Fluid operational stage D.)
Pre-operational stage
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Correct answer B.) Concrete operational stage.
Begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11
years, in which children acquire a basic
understanding of the physical world and a
preliminary understanding of their own and
others minds.
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An infant named Christiana sees a beautiful
diamond in a store window. After her mother
pushes her stroller past the storefront
Christiana does not look back to search for the
diamond and appears to have forgotten about it
completely. Christiana does not have a theory of
___________. A.) Materialism B.) Relativity C.)
Wealth D.) Object permanence
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Correct answer D.) Object permanence. The idea
that objects continue to exist even when they are
not visible.
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In this stage of human development (Erikson) the
childs crisis is initiatve vs. guilt and their
key event is independence. A.) Oral-sensory B.)
Locomotor C.) Latency D.) Adolescence
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Correct answer B.) Locomotor
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Which of the following is not one of the three
key elements that must be present for a cluster
of symptoms to qualify as a potential mental
disorder (according to the DSM-IV-TR) A.) A
disorder is manifested in symptoms that involve
disturbances in behaviors, thoughts, or
emotions. B.) The symptoms are associated with
significant personal distress or impairment. C.)
The symptoms negatively affect family members and
others close to the afflicted individual. D.) The
symptoms stem from an internal dysfunction
(biological, psychological, or both).
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Correct answer C.) The symptoms negatively
affect family members and others close to the
afflicted individual.
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_________________ is a type of anxiety disorder
in which a person feels tense and apprehensive on
a very regular basis (sometimes it seems like
they feel this way all the time). In addition,
these feelings are accompanied by actual
increases in the autonomic nervous system, such
as increased blood pressure, increased heart
rate, increased blood flow to the muscles and
away from the GI tract, etc. A.) Generalized
Anxiety Disorder B.) Phobic Disorders C.) Social
phobia D.) Specific phobia
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Correct answer A.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
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________ are disorders in which a person's
conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts,
and feelings. A.) Mood Disorders B.)
Associative Disorders C.) Comparative
Disorders D.) Dissociative Disorders
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Correct answer D.) Dissociative Disorders