Social Studies TAKS Review

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Social Studies TAKS Review

• Vocabulary Content

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Republic, Representative Government,
Representative Democracy

• Power is held by the people and exercised through
  the efforts of representatives chosen by the
  people

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1776

• On July 4th of this year, fifty-six
  representatives from the thirteen colonies met
  and unanimously approved the Declaration of
  Independence

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Federalists

• Those in favor of ratification of the
  Constitution and a strong central (federal)
  government

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Declaration of Independence

• This document was adopted by the Second
  Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It
  established the 13 colonies as independent
  states, free from rule by Great Britain.

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Thomas Jefferson

• Author of the Declaration of Independence

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1861-1865

• The American Civil War was fought during these
  years.

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Fort Sumter, SC

• Civil War began here

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Appomattox Court House

• Civil War ended here Lee surrendered to Grant

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Anaconda Plan

• Lincolns plan to conquer the South and win the
  Civil War for the Union

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Northwest Ordinance

• Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most
  significant achievements of the Articles of
  Confederation. It established a system for
  setting up governments in the western territories
  so they could eventually join the Union on an
  equal footing with the original 13 states.

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Quote from Declaration of Independence

• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that
  all men are created equal, that they are endowed
  by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,
  that among these are Life, Liberty, and the
  pursuit of happiness. . .

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To protect peoples rights

• The purpose of government according to the
  Declaration of Independence

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The people

• According to the Declaration of Independence,
  where a government gets its power from (consent
  of the governed)

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Emancipation Proclamation

• Taking effect in January of 1863, it declared
  that all slaves in rebellious Confederate states
  would be free

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Magna Carta

• This document, signed by King John of England in
  1215, is the cornerstone of English law and
  justice. It declared that the king and government
  were bound by the same laws as other citizens of
  England.

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Founding Fathers

• Men who played a major role in declaring U.S.
  independence, fighting the Revolutionary War, or
  writing and adopting the U.S. Constitution. They
  include Thomas Jefferson, George Washington,
  Benjamin Franklin, and James Madison.

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Mercantilism

• A set of economic principles based on policies
  which stress government regulation of economic
  activities to benefit the home country. This was
  one cause of the American Revolution.

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Plantation System

• A system of agricultural production based on
  large-scale land ownership and slave labor. This
  system focused on the production of cash crops
  such as cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane.

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Industrial Revolution

• During this rapid period of industrial growth,
  more and more countries adopted mass production.
  Handmade goods were quickly replaced by
  machine-made goods. Factory laborers replaced
  craftsmen and home production.

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Anti-Federalist

• Those who were opposed to (against) the
  ratification of the Constitution because they
  feared the power of the national government in
  the new federal system, and because they favored
  states rights.

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Unalienable rights

• These rights are fundamental or natural
  guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the
  law. They include life, liberty, and the pursuit
  of happiness.

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Articles of Confederation

• This document was the nations first plan of
  government adopted by the Second Continental
  Congress in 1781. This document gave most of the
  government power to the states, not the federal
  government.

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Marbury v. Madison

• This was the first judgement by the Supreme Court
  which supported the federal system of government.
  In 1803, Chief Justice John Marshall, a
  Federalist, strengthened the powers of the court
  by establishing the principle of judicial review
  (the power to of the courts to declare laws
  unconstitutional).

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Federalist Papers

• A series of essays written by three leading
  Federalists - James Madison, Alexander Hamilton,
  and John Jay - to promote the ratification of the
  U.S. Constitution.

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Limited Government

• In this type of government everyone, including
  all authority figures, must obey laws.
  Constitutions, statements of rights, and other
  laws define the limits of those in power so that
  rulers cannot take advantage of their elected,
  appointed, or inherited positions.

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Abolitionist movement

• This movement concentrated on ending slavery in
  the United States.

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Battle of Vicksburg

• The Union gained control of the Mississippi River
  in this turning point battle of the Civil War.

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Abraham Lincoln

• President of the Union during the Civil War,
  believing his main goal was to save the Union
  (although he added the abolition of slavery to
  Union goals when he issued the Emancipation
  Proclamation).

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Ulysses S. Grant

• Most important Union general during the Civil War.

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Jefferson Davis

• President of the Confederate States of America.

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Robert E. Lee

• Most important Confederate general

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Increased

• Effect a British blockade had on American
  manufacturing during the War of 1812

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Battle of Gettysburg

• Union victory turned back a Southern invasion of
  Pennsylvania this battle in 1863 marked a
  turning point in the Civil War because the South
  would never again be able to take the offensive.

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Samuel Adams

• Leader of the Sons of Liberty in Boston,
  responsible for protests leading to the American
  Revolution

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Benjamin Franklin

• Helped with the Declaration of Independence,
  negotiated the French alliance, negotiated the
  Treaty of Paris, 1783 following the American
  Revolution, and helped write the Constitution of
  the United States.

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George Washington

• Commander of the Continental Army (American army)
  during the American Revolution.

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Thomas Paine

• Wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that inspired the
  Declaration of Independence, and The Crisis,
  encouraging Americans to keep fighting during the
  American Revolution.

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Free enterprise system

• An economic system in which individuals depend on
  supply and demand the profit margin to determine
  what to produce, how to produce, how much to
  produce, and for whom to produce. (The opposite
  to government control such as mercantilism.)

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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

• This document was the first written constitution
  in America.

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Federalism

• The division of power between the federal or
  central government and the states within a
  country.

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Constitutional Convention

• This meeting was held for the purpose of revising
  the Articles of Confederation, but instead
  resulted in a new plan of government. 39 of the
  55 delegates who attended signed the new document
  - the U.S. Constitution.

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Philadelphia

• The location where the Second Continental
  Congress met to sign the Declaration of
  Independence and the Constitutional Convention
  met.

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1787

• The year the Constitutional Convention met and
  proposed the U.S. Constitution.

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Gold Rush of 1849

• Event responsible for the great growth in
  population of California by 1850 California was
  ready to be admitted as a state.

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Fugitive Slave Law

• Part of the Compromise of 1850 that required
  slaves caught anywhere in the United States to be
  returned to their owners in the South.

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Missouri Compromise of 1820

• First compromise dealing the expansion of
  slavery Maine became a free state and Missouri
  became a slave state slavery was outlawed in the
  remaining northern part of the Louisiana Purchase.

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Bleeding Kansas

• Event describing the fighting when a territory in
  the Louisiana Purchase was allowed to decide
  slavery by popular sovereignty (letting the
  voters decide) both sides cheated in the
  election and violence ensued.

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Uncle Toms Cabin

• Anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher
  Stowe describing the evils of slavery.

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Raid on Harpers Ferry

• Abolitionist John Brown tried to capture the
  United States army arsenal here to get guns to
  arm slaves in Virginia for a slave uprising.

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Andrew Jackson

• Hero of the Battle of New Orleans in the War of
  1812.

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Remain neutral

• Advice Washington gave to the United States in
  his Farewell Address about foreign alliances.

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Democratic-Republican Party

• One of the first 2 political parties, evolving
  out of the Anti-Federalists believing that most
  power should belong to the states led by Thomas
  Jefferson and James Madison.

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Federalist Party

• One of the first 2 political parties believed in
  a strong central government led by Alexander
  Hamilton and John Adams.

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Democratic Party

• Political party founded by Andrew Jackson and
  still in existence today the party of the
  common man

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Republican Party

• Political party founded in the 1850s to oppose
  the spread of slavery into the territories still
  in existence today.

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Civil disobedience

• Henry David Thoreau advocated this process of
  defying the law or policies of a government when
  a person believes the laws are unjust.

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Civic virtue

• People who exemplify this quality go beyond their
  obligations by taking an active role in improving
  the community and the experiences of other
  members of the community.

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Republicanism

• A principle of government, with elected
  representatives serving at the will of the people.

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Mayflower Compact

• This document was written in 1620 prior to the
  Pilgrims landing at Plymouth Bay in
  Massachusetts. The males who signed agreed to
  majority rule and participate in a government in
  the best interests of all members of the colony.

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New England Colonies

• Colonial region that was the coldest, rocky
  hilly, ill suited for agriculture colonists
  specialized in fishing, whaling, shipbuilding.

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Southern colonies

• Colonial region with the warmest climate, widest
  plains, and richest soil colonists specialized
  in cash crop agriculture - tobacco, indigo, and
  rice.

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Middle Colonies

• Colonial region including New York (taken over
  from the Dutch), Germans, English Quakers, and
  other European ethnic groups colonists
  specialized in growing grains and making iron
  products.

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Freedom of religion

• Reason why the colonies of Massachusetts,
  Pennsylvania, and Maryland were founded.

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Georgia

• Last and most southern English colony founded as
  a refuge for debtors and to protect the Carolinas
  from the Spanish in Florida.

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Money, wealth, riches, or gold

• Reason for founding many of the English colonies,
  including the first English colony - Virginia.

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Tobacco

• First cash crop to make money for Virginia and
  the other Southern colonies.

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Eli Whitney

• Invented the cotton gin and the idea of
  interchangeable parts.

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Nullification Crisis

• Southern states declared federal protective
  tariffs null and void, believing in the theory of
  states rights proposed by John C. Calhoun.
  President Jackson threatened to use federal
  troops to collect tariffs.

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Henry Clay

• The Great Compromiser solved the Nullification
  Crisis with a compromise tariff he also wrote
  the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the
  Compromise of 1850.

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Judicial review

• Provides for the judicial branch of the
  government to determine if laws are
  constitutional.

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15th Amendment

• This amendment granted black men the right to
  vote.

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English Bill of Rights

• In 1689, this document guaranteed certain rights
  to Englishmen and established the idea of limited
  government in the minds of the colonists who
  later wrote the U.S. Constitution.

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Monroe Doctrine

• A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed
  that Europe should not interfere in affairs
  within the United States or in the development of
  other countries in the Western Hemisphere (in
  return, the U.S. would not interfere in Europe).

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1607

• In this year representatives of the Virginia
  Company established the first permanent English
  settlement in North America. The settlement was
  called Jamestown in honor of King James I of
  England.

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Separation of powers

• The division of a central government into two or
  more branches, each having its own
  responsibilities and authorities.

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Dred Scott v. Sanford

• A landmark Supreme Court decision which confirmed
  the status of slaves as property rather than
  citizens, denied citizenship to free blacks, and
  stated that Congress had no power to outlaw
  slavery in any territory.

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Bill of Rights

• The first ten amendments to the Constitution,
  ratified in 1791.

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Individual rights

• Principle of government - people have rights
  protected by the Bill of Rights, including
  freedom of speech and press.

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Reform movements

• Worked to change society for the better focused
  on improving conditions for the poor, enslaved,
  imprisoned, women, and the disabled.

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1803

• In this year, President Thomas Jefferson bought
  the Louisiana Purchase from France, more than
  doubling the size of the United States.

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Gettysburg Address

• Speech given by Abraham Lincoln which captured
  the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held
  by citizens of a democracy - Government of the
  people, by the people, for the people.

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Protective tariff

• A tax on an imported product designed to protect
  local industries.

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14th Amendment

• This amendment declared that all persons born or
  naturalized in the United States were entitled
  equal rights, regardless of the race, and that
  their rights were protected at both the state and
  national levels. This became the basis of the
  civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

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French and Indian War

• This struggle between the British and the French
  in the colonies of North America was part of a
  worldwide war know that the Seven Years War. It
  led to British taxation of the American colonies
  to pay the war debt.

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Manifest Destiny

• An expression from the 1840s - many people
  believed it was the God-given right of the
  United States to own land from the Atlantic Ocean
  to the Pacific Ocean. This idea led to annexing
  Texas, acquiring Oregon, and the Mexican War.

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Checks and balances

• A system that allows each branch of government to
  limit the powers of the other branches in order
  to prevent the abuse of power.

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13th Amendment

• This amendment ended slavery in the United States.

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Popular sovereignty

• The idea that political power rests with the
  people who can create, alter, and abolish
  government. People express themselves through
  voting and free participation in government.

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King George III

• King of England during the American Revolution

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George Washington

• President of the Constitutional Convention of
  1787 and the first President of the United States.

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No taxation without representation!

• Cause of the American Revolution belief that
  people should not be taxed unless they elected
  the representatives who determined their taxes

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Parliament

• Name for British (English) lawmakers

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Battle of Lexington Concord

• First battle of the American Revolution British
  troops marching out of Boston to confiscate guns
  and ammunition stockpiled by colonists were met
  by colonial militia.

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Battle of Saratoga

• Turning point of the American Revolution
  American victory convinced the French to ally
  with Americans

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Valley Forge

• Horrible winter camp endured by Washingtons
  army, suffering from cold, disease, and hunger.

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Battle of Yorktown

• Last battle of the American Revolution - American
  army, French army, and French navy forced the
  British to surrender

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Treaty of Paris, 1783

• Britain officially recognized the United States
  as an independent country and agreed that the
  western boundary would be the Mississippi River.

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Great Compromise

• Constitutional compromise giving the United
  States a two-house legislature - the Senate where
  each state has 2 votes and the House of
  Representatives where each states votes are
  based on population.

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3/5 Compromise

• Constitutional compromise where 5 slaves were
  counted as 3 people for the purposes of
  determining Representatives in Congress

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Electoral College

• Group of delegates from each state that actually
  selects the President

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Virginia House of Burgesses

• First representative assembly (legislature) in
  the English colonies, 1619

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Mexican War

• War between the United States and Mexico,
  1846-1848. Fought over the annexation of Texas
  and resulted in the United States gaining
  California and the rest of the Southwest.

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Temperance

• Reform movement aimed at ending the sale of
  alcohol and stopping people from drinking

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Suffrage

• The right to vote

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Womens rights

• Reform movement led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
  Lucretia Mott, and Susan B. Anthony

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Sectionalism

• The differences between the North and South that
  led to each side being more loyal to their region
  of the nation than to the nation as a whole one
  cause of the Civil War.

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South

• Region of the country in the 1800s that
  specialized in cotton plantation agriculture
  based on slave labor.

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John C. Calhoun

• His theory of states rights justified South
  Carolinas attempt to nullify the federal tariff
  and led to the Nullification Crisis.

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Daniel Webster

• Spokesman for the North, supporting a strong
  federal government and protective tariffs.

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North

• Section of the country in the 1800s that was
  heavily industrialized, urban, in favor of
  protective tariffs, and opposed slavery.

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Andrew Jackson

• President responsible for the removal of the
  Cherokee and other Native Americans from their
  homes in the east to reservations west of the
  Mississippi River.

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Trail of Tears

• The forcible removal of Cherokees to reservations
  west of the Mississippi River a journey that
  resulted in many deaths and much suffering.

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John Wilkes Booth

• Actor who assassinated President Lincoln in
  revenge for the South losing the Civil War.

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Amendment

• An official change or addition to a law or
  government document

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Increased

• Effect the Industrial Revolution had on the
  amount of goods produced.

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Decreased

• Effect the Industrial Revolution had on the price
  of goods produced.

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Cotton gin

• Machine that quickly cleaned cotton fibers,
  separating seeds and other trash led to a
  dramatic increase in cotton agriculture and slave
  labor to tend the cotton fields.

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Robert Fulton

• Invented the steamboat

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Export

• Goods sold outside the country

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Rural

• Relating to the countryside, or outside the city

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Import

• Goods brought from sellers in other countries.

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Blockade

• To cut off supplies to surround an enemy
  (particularly by sea) and prevent any movement in
  or out

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Urban

• Relating to the city, in or of the city

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Ratify

• To officially approve

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Veto

• The power of the President to reject a bill
  passed by Congress

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Legislative branch

• Branch of government that makes laws

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Judicial Branch

• Branch of government that interprets laws and
  punishes lawbreakers

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Executive Branch

• Branch of government that enforces laws.

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Political

• Relating to politics, government, or law

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Economic

• Relating to money, taxes, and production of goods
  and services.

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Primary source

• An original document, artifact, picture, journal,
  cartoon from the time period in which an event
  occurred or a record from a person who
  participated in the event.

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Boston Tea Party

• Event leading to the American Revolution where
  members of the Sons of Liberty destroyed 3
  shiploads of tea in Boston harbor in protest over
  the Tea Tax.

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Textile mill

• Factory for producing cloth or clothing

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Interchangeable parts

• Parts machine-made to be so nearly identical that
  they can easily be replaced or substituted for
  each other resulting in much faster
  manufacturing and repair

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Boston Massacre

• Event leading to the American Revolution, where 5
  colonists in an angry mob were killed by British
  soldiers guarding a tax office in Boston.

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Stamp Act

• A tax on paper documents one of the direct taxes
  which formed the basis of colonial complaints
  leading to the American Revolution.

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James Madison

• Father of the Constitution - Federalist
  responsible for most of the ideas in the
  Constitution and also for writing most of the
  Bill of Rights.

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Secondary source

• Information that comes from a second-hand source
  (encyclopedia, textbook, etc.)