Was macht das Umweltbundesamt

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(No Transcript)
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Seminar on the RAINS methodology Health
impacts of PM and ozoneState of knowledge
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Seminar on the RAINS methodology
Health impacts of PM and ozone State of
knowledge Jürgen Schneider Head of Unit Air
Quality Control Umweltbundesamt GmbH Project
Manager Air Quality and Health at WHO
(2002-2004)
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Health impacts of PM and ozone

• Introduction
• Key findings on health effects of PM and ozone
  from the WHO Systematic Review project
• Conclusions

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WHO Systematic Review approach

• The WHO review used predefined protocols to
  assess the evidence
• The review focused on policy relevant questions
• All together, about 80 leading scientists were
  invloved
• Several reports were published

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Health effects of PM and ozone
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Epidemiological evidence
Associations of daily AP levels with mortality
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Epidemiological evidence
Associations of long term PM exposure with
mortality risk (increase is much higher than seen
in TS studies)
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Exposure versus ambient levels
Annual population exposure vs. annual mean
ambient PM2.5 Helsinki, Oxford, Basel, Praha,
Athens, Milan
Long term population For the six cities, the
exposure/ ambient slope is 0.99 and R2 is 0,91.
This intercept 7.5 ?g/m3 ? 0, when ETS is removed.
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Better exposure characterisation
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Intervention studies decrease in AP levels
lead to health benefits

• Intervention studies
• Coal ban in Dublin
• (Clancy et al., 2002)
• Utah valley
• Atlanta Olympics (O3)
• Hong Kong S emissions
• German re-unification

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Possible Mechanisms
Inflammation of lung tissue is triggered by PM
and ozone
Theory of everything in metabolism
Spiegel, Dec. 2004
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Possible Mechanisms
Possible mechanisms
Source Statement for Healthcare Professionals
From the Expert Panel on Population and
Prevention Science of the American Heart
Association
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Possible mechanisms

• PM exposure is asscoiated with
• Arrythmia (Peters et al., 2000)
• Influence on heart rate variability (Pope et al.,
  1999 Holguin et al., 2003,....)
• Acute arterial vasoconstriction (Brook at el.,
  2002)
• Increase of plasma viscosity (Peters et al.,
  1997)
• Increase of C-reactive protein (Peters et al.,
  2001)
• Myocardial infarction (Peters et al., 2001
  DIppoliti et al., 2003)

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Effects - summary
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Exposure reduction is needed
.. concentration response relationships for
different health endpoints provide more useful
information for designing effective strategies to
reduce adverse effects on human health.
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Reduction of general exposure
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Limit Value versus IAM
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Peaks or long-term?
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Consequences for IAM

• The Task Force on Health recommended
• to use PM2.5 as indicator for PM related
  mortality
• Apply the factor of the Pope et al. (2002) study
  for IAM
• Daily maximum 8hr ozone
• RR from WHO meta analysis
• And noted that
• different PM2.5 components may not be equally
  hazardous.
• but concluded
• it is not possible to quantify the relative
  importance of the main PM components for effects
  on human health at this stage.

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Conclusions

• Air pollution affects severely our health
• Reduction of exposure of the overall population
  is crucial
• For PM Chronic effect on mortality seem to
  outweigh all acute effects fine PM is an
  appropriate indicator for these effects
• For ozone ST effects on morbidty and mortality
• TF Health is preparing reports on PM and ozone
  effects http//www.euro.who.int/air