Shrimp Nutrient Requirements and feeding management

1
Shrimp Nutrient Requirements and feeding
management???????????
Ahead of your needs

• Jacques Gabaudan, VMA
• ??? ??

2
Nutritional characteristics of L.
Vannamei??????????

• Omnivorous feeding behavior active detritivore
  forager, but not as aggressive as stylirostris.
• Diurnal and nocturnal feeding behavior ?????????
• Low protein requirements in juvenile and
  sub-adult phases (18-20 in the lab 25-35 in
  the field) ?????????????(???18-20,??25-35
  )
• Feed conversions generally 1.0 1.4 under ideal
  conditions ??????FCR???1.0-1.4

3
Protein amino acids ???????Digestive enzymes
???

• Main digestive enzymes similar to stomachless
  fish
• no pepsin ?????
• trypsin ???
• chymotrypsin ??????
• astacin (not in vertabrates) ???
• carboxypeptidases ???
• Protease activity increases with dietary protein
  level ????????????????????

4
Protein amino acids ???????Apparent
digestibility of proteins ?????????

• CP digestibility in shrimps is at least as high
  as in fish
• CP digestibility of animal (marine) sources gt
  vegetable sources
• This is due to ? cell wall components (fiber)
• ? antinutritional factors (antitrypsin
  factor, phytates, gossypol, etc)
• Few data available for farmed species. When not
  available, fish data should be considered as
  reasonable estimates
• ?????????????????????????????

5
Protein amino acids???????Apparent protein
digestibility, Asian seabass
(Boonyaratpalin Williams, 2000)
6
Protein amino acids???????Protein sources for
L. vanamei

• Fish meal seem to have lower
  nutritional value for shrimp than
  for fish
• Wheat gluten higly digestible but limiting
  in Lys, Met and Arg
• Soybean meal good source of protein.
  Inclusion levels can range from 20
  to 50 and thus can replace part of the FM.
  Palatability of feed might decrease as SBM
  increases.
• Cottonseed meal is relatively palatable to P.
  vannamei but inclusion level lt 25 (or
  1100 ppm free gossypol).
• CSM is low in Lys and Met
• Poultry by-product meal could replace up to 66
  of the fish meal in an 8- week trial
  (final BW?2.2g)
• Rapeseed meal Upper limit for growth and
  survival lt 15 of the dietary protein

7
Supplementation with free aminoacidsCrustacea
???????????

• many investigators believe that free AA are not
  efficiently used by juvenile shrimps.
• Teshima (1992) improved the efficiency by binding
  AA to proteins, making a plastein.
• Chen et al (1992) showed that microencapsulated
  crystalline arginine enhanced growth of P monodon
  as opposed to pure cristalline arginine
• Leaching seem to be the main reason for the poor
  results obtained with free AA
• However free AA can stimulate feed intake and
  thus improve shrimp performance without
  contributing to dietary protein value

8
Supplementation with free aminoacidsFish - 1
?????????(?)
Growth response of channel catfish fed diets
containing increasing concentrations of free
lysine or protein-bound lysine
Protein-bound lysine, T2
?
?
Free lysine, T1
Weight gain (g/fish)
Comparison of the slopes show that
protein-bound lysine was 63 more efficient
than free lysine
?
?
?
?
Supplemental available lysine ( dry diet)
Zarate Lovell 1997
9
Supplementation with free aminoacidsFish - 2
?????????(?)

• L-lysine.HCl utilisation in rainbow trout is
  related to CP level
• 55 for CP 35
• 71 for CP 55 Rodehutscord
  et al 2000a
• L-lysine.HCl and L-lysine sulfate utilisation in
  rainbow trout is equivalent and averages 68
  (CP55)
• Lovell (1998) suggests that fish do not utilize
  free AA well because free AA are not absorbed at
  the same time as AA from the dietary proteins

10
Protein amino acids???????Protein requirement
?????

• Protein requirement depends on ????????
• Optimum dietary requirement ??????

11
Protein amino acids???????IAA ?????

• Qualitative
• - Same as those for vertabrates
• - Cystine and tyrosine spare MET
  and PHE
• Quantitative
• - Most requirements not determined
• - Recommendations based on shrimp muscle and
  clam composition

Akiyama et al. 1991 NRC 1993
12
Lipid requirement?????

• Most studies indicate that best survival and
  weight gain is obtained with dietary level of one
  or a mixture of oils ranging from
• 5 to 8 and 16-18 MJ/kg
• An excess of lipids increases the lipid
  concentration of the hepatopancreas which reduces
  the metabolic rate
• L. vannamei have a requirement for n-3
  (linolenic) and n-6 fatty (linoleic) acids as
  well as for HUFA (205n-3 and 226n-3)
• 0.5 n-3 and 0.5 n-6
• HUFAS show a greater nutritive value than PUFAS
• Best sources are ? fish oil, ? linseed oil and
  ? soybean oil

Sources DAbramo 1998 and Lim et al 1997
GE
13
Dietary cholesterol and soy lecithin
(PL)????????????

• Crustaceans cannot synthesize sterols de novo and
  therefore require a dietary source of sterols for
  survival and growth.
• Cholesterol has a high nutrutive value as a
  source of sterols which are precursors of steroid
  and molting hormones.
• Phospholipids accelerate transport of cholesterol
  and other lipids and were found to be
  indispensible to support growth and survival.
• Interaction between cholesterol and phospholipids
  is highly significant

L. vannamei
Gong-Hui et al. 2000
14
Carbohydrates?????

• Shrimp utilize carbohydrates for energy but
  efficiency varies with source and dietary level.
• Polysaccharides are better utilized than
  monosaccharide
• Carbohydrates have a sparing effect on the
  utilization of proteins
• Few studies with L. vannamei

15
Mineral requirements ????
Interactions between Ca and P Juvenile L. monodon
grew better with no supplemental Ca and 0.5
supp. P than with Ca and 0.5, 1.0 or more supp.
P (Penaflorida, 1999) Ca should therefore be
kept low in the formula in order to minimize
supplemental P
Davis and Lawrence, 1997
16
Vitamin requirements??????
Per kg feed
17
Chemoattractants and feeding stimulants??????????
?

• Shrimp/fish utilize chemical signals to
  identify and orient towards prey, vision
• Chemoattractants work from a distance while
  stimulants function upon contact with
  chemoreceptors
• Chemical classes amino acids, nucleotides,
  small amines, small peptides, organic acids and
  hexoses.
• These chemicals are common metabolites of marine
  animals.
• Complex mixtures elicit stronger responses than
  individual chemicals.

Sites for chemoreceptor cells in shrimp
18
Chemoattractants feeding stimulants of
Crustacea ???????????????

• I- Chemoattractants
• Fish meal
• fish solubles
• Squid meal
• Squid liver meal
• Squid oil
• Shrimp meal
• Shrimp head offal

• II- Feeding stimulants
• Arginine
• Glycine
• Betaine
• Glutamate
• Glucose
• Taurine
• Nucleotides

19
Astaxanthin Metabolism in Shrimp????????
Dietary intake of astaxanthin precursors
Conversion by shrimp to astaxanthin
Storage in epidermis hepatopancreas as
astaxanthin esters
Converted back to astaxanthin as needed for
catabolism
Normal requirements
Maturation and gonadal development
Increased requirements for stress
20
Carotenoid content of shrimp depends on life
history (P. monodon data)
Latscha, 1988
21
Effect of dietary astaxanthin on survival of
penaeid shrimp??????????????
Yamada et al., 1990
22
Tissue astaxanthin content is correlated to
survival in post larval Penaeus
monodon????????????????????
60
40
39
Survival ()
29
R2 0.3947 P lt 0.001 y -2.69 1.51x
20
17
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Shrimp astaxanthin concentration (mg/kg dry
weight)
Pan et al. (1999)
23
Dietary astaxanthin improves survival following
ammonia stress in juvenile Penaeus
monodon???????????????????????????
Chien et al. (in review)
24
Hemolymph superoxide dismutase affected by
dietary astaxanthin in juvenile Penaeus monodon
??????????????????????
Chien et al. (in review)
25
Effect of astaxanthin on fecundity of pond
sourced Penaeus monodon broodstock

Fecundity (eggs/gram female)
2.3
50
100
Natural food control
Analyzed dietary astaxanthin (ppm)
50 squid, 50 mussel
Panganthihon-Kuhlmann et al., (1999)
Astax-fecundity/g.ppt
26
Example of a high performance 35 protein
grow-out feed for intensive culture of vannamei
???????, 35??????????????
Clifford, 2002
27
35 protein grow-out feed for semi-intensive and
intensive culture of vannamei ?????????,
35??????????????
Clifford, 2002
28
Composite BW feeding curve (_at_ 30C) compiled
from major feed manufacturers in the Americas
30C??????(????????????????)
Clifford, 2002
29
Feeding tray strategies?????

• Peruvian method 15-25 trays/ha 100 of feed
  on trays check all trays measures actual
  consumption labor-intensive not common
• Indicator method 1-2 trays/ha. sub-sampling
  estimate consumption low labor most popular

30
Checking feed trays ?????
Clifford, 2002
31
Peruvian feed tray method ???????
Clifford, 2002
32
Peruvian method Example from Brazil???? -
???????

• Deploy 25-30 trays per ha. for 25 shrimp/m² add
  one tray/ha for each additional shrimp/m². This
  is equivalent to 10,000 shrimp/tray.
• Trays placed 20 m apart, 5-10 m from dike
  position changed after each harvest.
• Weeks 1-2 of cycle no trays
• 3rd week use trays, but no adjustments
• Remove uneaten feed, measure volumetrically, and
  convert to weight basis.
• Feed 3-6x/day, depending upon age of shrimp.
• Dont feed at night due to difficulty of reading
  trays.
• Workers motivated by bonuses linked to FCR and
  growth.

Clifford, 2002
33
Vannamei is capable of very low
FCRs????????????FCR
34
Production costs for a typical semi-intensive
farm culturing vannamei in Latin
America???????????????????

• Average cost of production US 3.30-3.60/kg
  whole shrimp
• Cost of feed US 0.85 1.30/kg whole shrimp
• Feed 25 - 35
• Post-larvae 15 - 20
• Labor 10 - 20
• Fuel vehicles 8 - 12
• Administrative overhead 6 - 15
• Materials supplies 5 - 8
• Maintenance 4 6
• Harvesting 3 5
• Fertilizers 3 4
• Miscellaneous 1 2
• () Av. cost of production does not include
  processing packing (0.80-0.90/kg),
  depreciation or financial costs.

Clifford, 2002
35
Vannamei production in the Americas
Highlights??????????

• Venezuela, Brazil, Belize healthy growing
  industries
• USA technology leader steadily increasing
  production, but slow growth due to high costs,
  overregulation, limited growing season
• Mexico, Guatemala able to produce despite WSSV
• Colombia good selective breeding program
• Panama center for nauplii PL sales poor farm
  production
• Ecuador, Honduras low cost, extensive producers
• Peru industry troubled