Cold War Part 2

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Cold War Part 2
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Peaceful Coexistence

• Each has bomb
• Stalin dead, 1953
• Extension of cultural exchanges to build peaceful
  relations
• BUT
• Soviets test ICBM
• Sputnik, 1957
• Fidel Castro, 1958

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Cuban Revolution, 1958

• Against Batista dictatorial Presidency
• Anti-American nationalism
• End American business interests
• Rebel sentiment gains attention of CIA (The
  Agency)
• Trade Treaty with Soviet Union, 1960 )
• President Eisenhower plans secret attack ---
  but.

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John F. Kennedys 1000 Days

• Narrowly beat Nixon in 1960 election
• Domestic Policies
• Poverty in America
• Civil Rights
• Race for the Moon
• Foreign Policies
• Fierce Cold Warrior
• Occupied most of agenda
• Nation Building among former colonial countries

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Peace Corps, 1961

• Young Americans winning Hearts Minds
• Educational Projects
• Public Works Projects
• American Model

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Bay of Pigs

• Eisenhower secret plan --- remove Castro
• Counter-Insurgency
• CIA trained Anti-Castro Cuban Exile
• To lead attack
• Met resistance from Castro loyalists (soldiers /
  citizens)
• Castro convinced of continued attacks

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Cuban Missile Crisis

• Active Support from Soviet Union
• Repeated U.S. efforts to oust Castro failed
• Soviets deploy missile convoy to Cuba
• U.S. Naval blockade around Cuba
• 2 week standoff between Soviets / U.S.
• Brinksmanship
• Point of possible no return
• Immediacy of total annihilation

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Vietnam

• Post WWII struggle for independence
• Vietminh Front
• Headed by Indochinese Communist Party
• Anti-Colonial Struggle to Cold War entanglement
• French expelled, 1954
• Battle at Diem Bin Phu
• Geneva Agreement
• North Communist (Democratic Republic of Vietnam)
  Vietminh
• South non-Communist (Republic of Vietnam)
• To Hold Democratic Elections

Ho Chi Minh
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Vietnam U.S.

• President Diem (U.S. Backed)
• Educated in U.S.
• Catholic
• BAD choice
• Extremely corrupt
• Viet Cong (NLF)
• Rebel fighters in the South
• Against Diem Regime
• Armed by northern Vietminh
• Civil War (North South)
• FALL 1963 Diem Assassinated

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November 22, 1963
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Vietnam 1964

• Marine Special Forces
• 1954 700 U.S. military advisors
• ARVN
• South Vietnam Army
• Trained by advisors
• Gulf of Tonkin
• unprovoked attack on U.S.S. Maddox
• LBJ gains War Powers Act

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Not Your Fathers War

• Massive Bombing Campaign in North
• 8 million tons of bombs (1965 1973)
• 3x amount of bombs dropped WWII
• Approx. 300 tons for every man / woman / child
• Search and Destroy Missions
• Village by village
• Establish whether friendly / unfriendly
• Unseen Enemy psychological toll
• Defoliants Used Agent Orange

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Tet Offensive, 1968

• Vietnamese New Year --- cease fire
• Organized coordinated attacks all over South
  Vietnam
• Overran Saigon (Capital)
• Attacked U.S. Embassy
• PR Disaster for U.S.
• Prior to Tet ---- U.S. being told clear victory
  in sight
• Offensive turned public opinion against war

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NIXONS WAR

• LBJ turns down 1968 bid
• Nixons Secret Plan appeal
• Vietnamization
• Train South Vietnamese forces to take over
• Pull out U.S. Troops
• Does reduce troop levels
• Secret War in Cambodia

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China U.S. 1972

• China Supported liberation efforts in Vietnam
• Assured D.C. would not directly enter war
• Refusal to cooperate with Soviets
• U.S. Strategic Relationship
• Improved relations with China undercut Chinese
  support for North Vietnam

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1973

• Henry Kissinger, Sec. of State
• Between North U.S.
• South Vietnam rejects
• Christmas Bombings
• 11 day campaign in North
• Worldwide condemnation
• U.S. no longer holding onto moral sensibilities

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American Embassy in SaigonApril 30, 1975
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American EmbassyApril 30, 1975