Settling the Northern Colonies

1
Chapter 3

• Settling the Northern Colonies

2
The Protestant Reformation

• In 1517, Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to
  the door of the Wittenberg cathedral igniting the
  Protestant Reformation
• Stated that all humans were weak and wicked and
  only the predestined could go to heaven.
• In England, King Henry VIII was breaking his ties
  with the Holy Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s
• England turned to Protestantism (Calvinism)

3
Martin Luther and the 95 Theses
4
(No Transcript)
5
Puritans and Separatists

• Puritans Unhappy with the snail-like pace of
  the progress of Protestant Reformation.
• believed that only visible saints should be
  admitted to church membership.
• Separatists - vowed to break away from the Church
  of England because the saints would have to sit
  with the damned.

6
Pilgrims

• Separatist group who originally settled in the
  Netherlands but were frustrated by the
  dutchification of their children
• King gave Pilgrims permission to settle in
  Virginia.
• 103 Pilgrims left Holland and sailed for 65 days
  at sea on the Mayflower until they arrived off
  the rocky coast of New England in 1620.
• 102 arrived (1 died on the journey)
• Mayflower was blown off course and landed at
  Plymouth.
• Before exiting the ship Pilgrims signed the
  Mayflower Compact.

7
Mayflower
1.The Rigging 2.The Round House 3.The Half Deck
4.The Great Cabin 5.The Steerage 6.The Capstan
7.The Main Deck 8.'Tween Decks 9.The
Forecastle 10.The Windlass
Photo South Cape Distributors
8
Mayflower Compact
9
William Bradford

• Bradford is best known as Governor of the
  Plymouth Colony. He emigrated to Plymouth on the
  famous Mayflower in 1620, and was elected to
  office at least 30 times. His works include
• History of Plymouth Plantation, circa 1650

10
Rough Start for Pilgrims

• In the winter of 1620-21, only 44 of the 102
  survived.
• 1621 brought bountiful harvests, though, and the
  first Thanksgiving was celebrated that year.
• In 1691, Plymouth
• merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

11
Squanto

• Native American of the Wampanoag tribe of what is
  now Massachusetts. Also known as Tisquantum, he
  proved an invaluable friend to white settlers in
  New England in the early 17th century. Early in
  his life he was captured and sold as a slave in
  Spain but eventually escaped and went to England.
  When he returned to New England in 1619 as pilot
  for an English sea captain, he escaped and
  discovered that his people had been destroyed by
  a plague. Two years later he helped the starving
  Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony to survive by
  teaching them both fishing and the planting of
  corn. He developed a friendship with the
  Massachusetts settlers and acted as interpreter
  at the Treaty of Plymouth, signed in 1621 between
  the Native American chief Massasoit and Governor
  William Bradford. While guiding a party under
  Bradford around Cape Cod the following year, he
  became ill and died

12
Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Settled by strict Puritans
• They had their own charter and total control of
  their colony.
• It was a well-equipped group of which about
  11,000 people came to Massachusetts.
• They were led by John Winthrop.
• Winthrop wanted the Puritans to be a city upon a
  hill.

13
John Winthrop
"....we must consider that we shall be as a City
upon a Hill, (and that) the eyes of all people
are upon us.."
14
Life in Massachusetts Bay

• Massachusetts prosper in fur trading, fishing,
  and shipbuilding.
• Religious leaders wielded powerful influence over
  the admission to church membership.
• Very strict and very religious
• Strict Calvinist (predestination)
• Feared democracy because they were afraid of the
  masses

15
Trouble in Mass Bay

• Anne Hutchinson
• Believed in antinomianism the belief that
  because of predestination man need not obey
  secular laws.
• Banished from the colony
• Roger Williams
• Believed in freedom of religion, separation of
  church and state and thought they should pay the
  Indians for the land.
• Banished from the colony for his beliefs
• Started Rhode Island

16
Williams and Hutchinson
Edwin Austin Abbey's depiction of Anne Hutchinson
on trial appeared in a popular nineteenth-century
history of the United States.Illustration
courtesy of the Harvard College Library coloring
by Bartek Malysa
Roger Williams and the Narragansett
17
Rhode Island

• Started by Roger Williams
• Based on complete freedom of religion, even for
  Jews and Catholics
• Had separation of church and state
• Most liberal of all English colonies
• Planted by dissenters and exiles so Rhode Island
  became strongly individualistic and stubbornly
  independent

18
Rhode Island
19
Connecticut

• Hartford
• Founded in 1635 by Thomas Hooker who led a group
  of Puritans out of Massachusetts Bay
• Drafted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut A
  written constitution guaranteeing the right to
  vote to the substantial citizens (landowners)
• New Haven
• Started in 1638
• Eventually merged with Hartford in 1662

20
Connecticut
Thomas Hooker sculpture by Frances L. Wadsworth
(1950), located east of the State House. Image
scanned from The Colonial History of Hartford -
U.S. Bicentennial Edition, by William DeLoss Love
(1974).
21
Puritans Vs. Indians

• Before the Puritans had arrived in 1620, an
  epidemic had swept through the Indians, killing
  over three quarters of them.
• In 1637, after mounting tensions exploded,
  English settlers and the powerful Pequot tribe
  fought in the Pequot War, in which the English
  set fire to a Pequot village on Connecticuts
  Mystic River, annihilating the Indians and
  bringing about forty years of tentative peace.
• In 1675, Metacom (called King Philip by the
  English) united neighboring Indians in a
  last-ditched attack that failed.
• The King Philips War slowed colonial western
  march but only temporarily

22
Metacom

• Metacom, known as King Philip, was chief of the
  Wampanoag Indians and son of Massasoit, who lived
  peacefully with the settlers since the arrival of
  the Pilgrims. King Philip, however, saw that
  whites were expanding into Indian territory, and
  made plans to resist. King Philip and a band of
  Wampanoags vandalized a frontier community in the
  17th century, had begun. Although the
  Narragansett and Nipmuck Indians joined forces
  with the Wampanoags, King Philip sensed defeat
  and fled into the forest. The near annihilation
  of the Narragansett Indians in 1676 ended
  hostilities, leaving six hundred colonists and
  even more Indians, including King Philip, dead.

23
New England Confederation

• First seeds of colonial unity
• In 1643, four colonies banded together to form
  the New England Confederation.
• Massachusetts Bay
• Plymouth
• New Haven
• Hartford
• A group of semiautonomous commonwealths that
  dealt with defense against Indians, French and
  Dutch

24
Dominion of New England

• In 1686, the Dominion of New England was created
  to bolster the colonial defense against Indians
• Also and attempt to tie the colonies closer to
  Britain by enforcing the Navigation Acts.
• Head of the Dominion was Sir Edmund Andros, who
  was autocratic and set many unpopular rules

Sir Edmund Andros
25
Glorious Revolution

• William and Mary took over power in England
• Never again was England ruled by a monarchy
• Parliamentary rule
• Salutary neglect followed

William and Mary
26
Northern (New England) Colonies

• Massachusetts
• Rhode Island
• Connecticut
• New Hampshire
• Settled for Religious reasons
• Trade, shipbuilding, fishing were main source of
  income
• Fiercely independent
• Rocky infertile soil
• Subsistence farms

27
New York (New Netherlands)

• Originally settled by the Dutch
• Based their claim on the voyage of Henry Hudson,
  an English explored sailing on a Dutch ship in
  1609
• The Dutch East India Company was established,
  with an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190
  ships
• The Dutch gave patroonships (large areas of land)
  to promoters who agreed to settle at least 50
  people on them.
• Indian attack was always a problem. Built wall
  to keep them safe (Wall Street today)
• New Amsterdam was capital (New York City)

28
This painting shows New Amsterdam in 1664 and was
painted at that time. The painting shows
buildings clustered at the tip of Manhattan
Island, which was the center of activity for the
growing city until the mid-nineteenth century.
The Dutch West India Company settled New
Amsterdam in 1624 as a permanent trading post.
The company encouraged settlement in the new town
and transported whole families. The initial
purpose of the colony was commerce, and the
settlement welcomed a diverse group of immigrants
from many countries, eventually becoming known as
a bustling and tolerant settlement. In 1665, New
Amsterdam fell to the English and became New
York. Source From the Bettman Archives.
29
Manhattan Island Today
30
Englands Conquest of New York

• In 1664, Charles II granted the area of
  modern-day New York to his brother, the Duke of
  York, and that year, British troops landed and
  defeated the Dutch, kicking them out, without
  much violence.
• Peter Stuyvesant surrendered and England took over

Peter Stuyvesant
31
New York
32
Pennsylvania

• Started by William Penn and his Quaker followers
• Penn called it a Holy Experiment All
  religions were welcome, except Catholics and Jews
• Philadelphia was the capital City of Brotherly
  Love
• It was the best advertised of all the colonies.
• Very good relations with local Indians
• Pennsylvania attracted a great variety of people
  from all races, class, and religion.

33
Penn Receiving the Charter
34
Quakers

• Feared God
• They quaked under deep religious emotion.
• Abhorred strife and warfare and refused military
  service
• First in the colonies to oppose slavery
• Persecuted in England

35
William Penn and the Indians of Pennsylvania
36
Map of Pennsylvania
37
New Jersey

• Started in 1664 when two noble proprietors
  received the area from the Duke of York.
• Settled by many Quakers

38
Delaware

• Settled by Swedish
• Named after Lord De La Warr, the harsh military
  govenor who had arrived in Virginia in 1610
• Granted its won assembly in 1703

39
Middle Colonies

• Pennsylvania
• New York
• New Jersey
• Delaward
• Fertile soil Breadbasket of the colonies
• Religious toleration
• Racially diverse
• Settled by Dutch, Swedish, English, Spanish,
  Irish, and Scots-Irish
• Better farming techniques