Folie 1

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von Kunnert-Wernhart, Hatzinger, Braun Pichler
The small difference
Biological basics of sexuality
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The small difference

• Genetically basics Karyotype
• Anatomy female male
• Puberty
• Reproductive organs
• Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

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The small difference

• Genetically basics Karyotype
• Anatomy female male
• Puberty
• Reproductive organs
• Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

4
Process of making a cell culture
sterile
Nutrient solution
Taking of blood samples from the arm vein
Stimulation of mitosis (37C)
Culture of leucocytes
Bildquelle Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4
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Prepare the chromosomes
Stopping the mitosis with colchicine
Adding of distilled water
Fixation and centrifugation
Centrifuged leucocytes
Bildquellen Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde
4, http//www.liesing.at/laab/Landschaft_2/Herbstz
eitlose.jpg
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Microscopy
Placing a drop on a microscope slide
Human chromosomes (enlarged 700 times)
Counting and photographing
Bildquelle Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4
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Karyotype
Centromere region
chromatids
karyotype
Bildquelle Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4
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Karyotype
Organize chromosomes in a karyotype CLICK
Now try it yourself CLICK

• http//gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/disorders/kary
  otype/karyotype.cfm

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Drag drop exercise (in PPT Normalansicht)
Sex chromosomesdiploid
XX
XY
XX
XY
Parents
Sex chromosomeshaploid
X
X
X
Y
Y
Y
Gametes
Autosomes
or
or
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22
22
22
44
44
Offspring
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Where do they fit?
Bildquelle Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4
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X- Y-Chromosome
Bildquelle http//www.learner.org/channel/courses
/biology
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The small difference

• Genetically basics karyotype
• Anatomy female male
• Puberty
• Reproductive organs
• Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

12
Reproductive organs
Click on theicons!
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The small difference

• Genetically basics karyotype
• Anatomy female male
• Puberty
• Reproductive organs
• Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

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Development ofreproductive organs

• ? Female fertility ? Puberty

http//www.by-choice-not-chance.com/scripts/en/con
sumer/index.php
to the FILL-IN EXERCISE
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Exercises

• Bearbeite den deutschsprachigen Lückentext zum
  eben gesehen Filmhttp//www.eduhi.at/dl/pubertae
  t.htm
• View the animation from the BBC page about
  puberty http//www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/bo
  dy/interactives/lifecycle/teenagers/

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The small difference

• Genetically basics karyotype
• Anatomy female male
• Puberty
• Reproductive organs
• Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

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• Testis/Testes Hoden
• Situated in the scrotum (Hodensack)
• is divided in many separated parts, where very
  small tubes (about 1000/testis) are situated.
• About 300 million sperm cells are produced per
  day. (!)
• Produces the male sex hormone (Testosterone)
  (which are also produced in a minor quantity in
  man and woman in the cortex of suprarenal gland)

• Sperms Samenzellen
• Development needs about 20 days
• they consist of a head (holds the genetic
  material), a midpiece (with energy for moving)
  and a tail (for movement)

Bildquelle http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
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• Epididymis Nebenhoden
• Sperms are stored and made resistant against
  outer impacthere starts the
• Vas deferens Samenleiter
• 2 of them
• about 50 cm long and ducts into the

• Seminal vesicle Samenblase/Bläschendrüse
• Secretes an alkaline fluid, which initiates
  themovement of the sperms

• Prostate gland Vorsteherdrüse/Prostata
• Produces another secret (milky)
• at sexual excitement the muscles contract and
  closethe urethra (that prevents the simultaneous
  exit of sperms and urine)

Bildquelle http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
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• Urethra Harnröhre
• is mainly a duct for urine and sperm of the man

• Penis Glied
• it contains three erectile tissues, which fill up
  with arterial blood at sexual excitement
  especially the glans penis (thickened end part)
  contains many axons and is therefore very
  sensitive the foreskin acts as a protection

Bildquelle http//www.physiciansselect.com/male-s
exual-libido-booster.htm
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What does it mean? (connect pairs)
Erektion Ejakulation Pollution Kastration Eunuch S
terilisation Libido Potenz
Entfernung der Hoden
nächtlicher Samenerguss
Fähigkeit zum Geschlechtsverkehr
Versteifung des Glieds
sexuelles Verlangen
Samenerguss
Durchtrennung der Samenleiter (bzw. Eileiter)
Durch Entfernung der Hoden vor der Pubertät
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Sperm egg cell
The egg cell or ovum is the biggest cell in the
human body (0,2 mm, visible to the naked eye).
Sperms and egg cells are also called gametes.
Semen consists predominantly of secretion of
three glands and certainly sperm cells. The
amount of sperms determine the chance of
pregnancy.
Bildquelle http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
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• Fallopian tube Eileiter
• Receive egg cells after ovulation
• Are ducts which connect the ovaries with the
  uterus (only some mm in diameter)
• Sometimes scarred over ? possibility of tubal
  pregnancy (Eileiterschwangerschaft)
• If both tubes are blocked only in vitro
  fertilization is possible (test-tube baby)
• Uterus Gebärmutter
• Size of an hen's egg
• Wall made of smooth muscles (are active at labor
  (Wehen) and menstruation)
• Layed out with mucous membrane, which dimension
  varies within one month

• the part which reaches into the vagina is called
  the cervix (Muttermund), mucus inside helps as
  protection against germs
• Vagina Scheide
• Muscular tube, with mucous membrane inside
• Hymen Jungfernhäutchen closes the opening of the
  vagina (function protection)

Bildquelle http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
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OVARIES

• Eierstock (Ovary)
• erzeugen Östrogene (estrogen) und Gestagene
  (progesterone) und Eizellen
• bei der Geburt enthalten sie 400.000 unreife
  Eizellen, ab der Pubertät reift davon eines pro
  Monat heran (Meiosis)
• Reifung erfolgt im Follikel (follicle) Bläschen
  mit Flüssigkeit)
• dieser bildet Follikelhormone (Östrogene) und
  platzt beim Eisprung, so dass die Eizelle in den
  Eileiter gespült wird (Bauchhöhlenschwangerschaft
  ist möglich!)
• Rest des Follikels wird zum Gelbkörper (corpus
  luteum), der Progesteron erzeugt
• die weiblichen Geschlechtshormone haben die
  Aufgabe, die Gebärmutterschleim-haut auf ein
  eventuell befruchtetes Ei vorzubereiten

• wird die Eizelle...
• befruchtet, nistet sie sich ein der Gelbkörper
  bleibt bis zum 4. Monat erhalten, danach bildet
  die Plazenta die Gestagene (Schleimhauterhalt!)
• nicht befruchtet, stirbt sie ab, der Gelbkörper
  bildet sich nach 14 Tagen zurück es kommt zur
  Regelblutung, eine neue Eizelle reift heran

Bildquelle http//www.mallig.de
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Female fertility

• ? Female fertility ? Menstruation Conception

http//www.by-choice-not-chance.com/scripts/en/con
sumer/index.php
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• Labia majora, Labia minora and clitoris
• Contain (like the penis) erectile tissues, which
  is filled up with blood during sexual excitement
  the flow up of the blood over veins (Venen) is
  prevented
• The clitoris is rich of nerve cells and therefore
  very sensitive, touching can lead to orgasm
• Glands (Bartholinische Drüsen) at the base of the
  labia minora secrete at sexual excitement a fluid
  which keeps the vagina moist and decreases
  friction

Bildquelle http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
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The small difference

• Genetically basics karyotype
• Anatomy female male
• Puberty
• Reproductive organs
• Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

27
The cycle starts in the brain
HORMONES regulate the menstrual cycle
Pituitarygland
Quelle http//www.gnis-pedagogie.org/img/doc2/tet
e.gif
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- suppresses FSH - release
- suppresses FSH LH - release
stimulates LH - release
produces
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
LH and FSH together trigger ovulation The rest of
the follicle develops to the corpus luteum
Causes maturation of the follicle in the ovary
Estrogen
Progesterone
Lining of the uterus is stimulated to growand to
get thicker
Bildquelle http// www.baby-bonus.de
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Hormones of the menstrual cycle
Hormones produced by the pituitary
Hormones produced by the ovaries
Bildquelle www.kinderwunsch.ch
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Hormonal control system

• Hormones ?Hormonal control system

http//www.by-choice-not-chance.com/scripts/en/con
sumer/index.php
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2 possibilities

• The egg cell is not fertilized
• corpus luteum withers and the uterine lining is
  shedding. Menstrual bleeding begins and with it
  the next cycle

2) The egg cell is not fertilized the uterine
lining starts to release gonadotropin ? so the
corpus luteum remains and produces further
on progesterone? Pregnancy strip tests look for
the presence of the hormone gonadotropin in human
urine - which is later on produced by the
placenta.
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Hormonal contraceptives . . .

• . . . contain sex hormones which act in a
  similar way to the estrogens and progesterone
  produced by the body and pretend a pregnancy. So
  the production of FSH and LH in the pituitary
  are suppressed.

Vaginal-ring
The pill
Implanon
Bildquellen Scheiden Ring http//www.planningchr
r.com Pille und Implanon aus www.m-ww.de
(Medicine worldwide)
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Try to fill in the missing wordson the next
transparencies
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- suppresses FSH - release
- suppresses FSH LH - release
stimulates LH - release
produces
LH and FSH together cause ovulation The rest of
the follicle develops to the corpus luteum
Regulates the growing of the follicle in the ovary
Lining of the uterus is stimulated to growand to
get thicker
Bildquelle http// www.baby-bonus.de
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- suppresses - release
- suppresses - release
stimulates - release
produces
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
LH and FSH together cause ovulation The rest of
the follicle develops to the corpus luteum
Regulates the growing of the follicle in the ovary
Estrogen
Progesterone
Lining of the uterus is stimulated to growand to
get thicker
Bildquelle http// www.baby-bonus.de
36
Weitere Quellen

• Bildquelle Hintergrundbildhttp//nolte-net.de/im
  ages/witze/vergleiche/tn_male_female.gifwww.mallig
  .de
• http//www.verhuetung-abc.de
• www.g-netz.de
• Timm, Michael Gesundheit in
• Frage und Antwort, Midena- Verlag, Augsburg 1997
• de Bernabe, Dr. E. G., Schülerwissen aktuell,
  Tosa- Verlag, Wien 1998
• Brenner, Klaus- Ulrich Der Körper des
  Menschen, Weltbild- Verlag, Augsburg 1996
• Atlas der Anatomie, Buch und Zeit
  Verlagsgesellschaft, Köln 1990