Seventh Week

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Seventh Week

• Kaplan on Romania (plus review)

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Balkans Today
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News

• Exams Soon

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Reading-Discussion Assignment

• Ivo Andrics Bridge on the Drina

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(No Transcript)
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First Sections

• History of the bridge
• Cultures, hierarchies, identities
• History and myth
• Power struggles
• Violence

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Pop Quiz

• Short paragraph what happens
• Due before class on Thursday
• Pp 1-52

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Geography and terminology

• Drina River
• Viegrad
• Kapia (kapija) and sofa

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Features

• Numerous characters
• Every time period, 15th-early 20th
• Historical novel

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Kaplan

• Chapters 1-4
• Croatia
• Albania
• Kosovo
• Serbia
• Macedonia
• Chapter 5-6
• Romania

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Kaplan Chapter 4 White City

• Beograd (Belgrade)
• Danube and Sava Rivers
• Border of two empires

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Milovan Djilas

• Right-hand of Tito in late 40s, early 50s
• Importance in break with Stalin
• Change in views dissident
• Imprisonment disgrace in 60s
• Literary, cultural output
• Died in 1995
• Significance for Serbian culture, politics

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Romania Week
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Basics

• Also Rumania
• Capital Bucharest
• One of largest Balkan countries
• Associations with Roman Empire
• Rich folk culture Gypsies
• Rich in natural resources soil, forests, oil

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(No Transcript)
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Romania Geography

• Moldavia (Moldova)
• Bucovina
• Banat
• Wallachia (Walachia)
• Transylvania
• Maramures
• Crisana
• Dobruja (Dobrogea)

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(No Transcript)
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Romania-3 (Romanian spelling)
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Athenee Palace Hotel
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Historical Periods

• Roman (1st BC 10th AD)
• Pre-WWI (10th-early 20th)
• InterWar (1914-39)
• WWII (1939-44)
• Post-War (1945-1989)
• Post-Communist (1989-Present)

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Moving Backwards in Time

• Subject to occupation, rule by numerous other
  states, tribes Bulgars, Huns, Magyars, Slavs,
  Tatars
• Intermarriage mixed religious base (now
  primarily Romanian Orthodox)

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Early History

• Ancestry traced back to Roman antiquity
• Dacia in BC period
• Conquered by Trajan (Roman Emperor)
• 1250-1350 Walachia and Moldavia become
  independent (Principalities Period)
• Hungary Occupied Transylvania (Northern Part)
• Mid-1400s Ottoman occupation for 300 years

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Toward Unification

• Early 1700s rule by wealthy Greeks from
  Constantinople (Phanariots) rule until 1821
• Russian occupation until 1834
• Independence in mid-19th

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New Romania

• 1859 Prince Alexander Cuza elected as common
  ruler of to principalities
• 1861 Romania recognized
• Cuza forced to resign in 1866
• German Prince Karl ruled for 50 years as Prince
  Carol, then King Carol I (in 1881)
• Died in 1914 succeeded by nephew Ferdinand

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Romania, WWI

• Neutral at beginning of WWI
• Joined with Allies in 1916 (quest for Bucovina,
  Banat, Transylvania from Austria-Hungary)
• Doubled in size large population of Romanian
  peasants
• Poverty between wars

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Nationalist movements

• Codreanu (Iron Guard, Legionaires)
• Focus on Communists, Jews, liberals
• Revolutionary hero
• White horse assassinated by Carol II

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New Government

• Death of Ferdinand 1927
• Succession of son, Carol II, 1930
• Kaplan account of Carol and Lupescu
• Dictatorship until 1940

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World War II

• Territorial losses at beginning of WWII
• Michael becomes King in 1940, but Premier
  Antonescu ruled (Nazi support)
• Alliance with Germany until 1944

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Changing allegiances

• Now with Allies
• Michael (Mihai) takes charge again
• Soviet occupation
• Post-War Soviet domination

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Post-War Developments

• Soviet occupation until late 1950s
• Communist rule Michael forced out in 1947
• Policies determined in Moscow
• Resistance grew in 1950s Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej

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Communist era

• Dependence on USSR
• 1960s growing independence from Moscow

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New Leader for Next Decades

• Nicolae Ceausescu, President and Party head, 1965

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Independence from Soviet Union

• Ceausescu as world leader (Nixon visit at end of
  1960s)
• Alliances with non-aligned movement
• 1977 earthquake 1500 killed
• Economy still weak in 1980s

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Revolution

• December, 1989 revolution against leadership
• Demonstrations thousands in streets
• Free elections since 1990

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End of Era

• Ceausescus flee captured, executed
• Secret grave (see Kaplan description)

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Communism Out, Capitalism In
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New Romania

• President Ion Iliescu until 1996
• Succeeded by Emil Constantinescu, re-elected in
  2000

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Romania Now

• President Traian Basescu and PM Calin Tariceanu
• EU membership a priority

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Microculture Kaplan

• Wallachia
• Bucovina
• Moldavia/Moldova/Bessarabia
• Transylvania

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Danis Tanovic
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Danis Tanovic Background

• Born. 1969 in Zenica, Bosnia
• Civil engineering school and music school
• Graduated from the Academy of performing arts,
  dept. of intermedia directing
• Directed short films, documentaries

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No Mans Land

• 2000 feature film
• Best scenario received a Golden Palm award at
  the 2001 Cannes Film Festival.
• One of the most highly awarded films in the
  history of Bosnian cinematography
• Numerous awards, 42 in all, include the Golden
  Globe and an Oscar

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So far.

• Setting Bosnia, June 1993
• Characters Chiki, Nino, Cera
• Sides Serbs and Bosniaks
• UN comes next
• Situation in the trench