The Cold War

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The Cold War

• 1945-1989

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Postwar outcomes

• Soviet occupied territory
• Eastern and Central Europe
• Eastern portion of Germany.

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Germany was DIVIDED

• West Germany - democratic and resumed
  self-governed after Allied occupation
• East Germany controlled by the Soviet Union

4
Japan after WWII

• Temporarily occupied by American forces.
• adopted a democratic form of government
• resumed self-government
• became a strong ally of the United States.

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Europe Rebuilds

• Europe lay in ruins
• The United States launched the Marshall Plan
• provided massive financial aid to rebuild
  European economies and prevent the spread of
  communism.

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United Nations

• Political union formed on October 24, 1945
• Formed to create a body for the nations of the
  world to try to prevent future global wars
• Emblem the world in the
  olive branches of peace

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Origins of the Cold War

• The Cold War lasted from the end of World War II
  until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989.

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Nuclear Weapons

• The Soviet Union matched the United States in
  nuclear weaponry in the 1950s
• The threat of a nuclear was ever-present
  throughout the Cold War.
• President Eisenhower, adopted a policy of
  massive retaliation to deter any nuclear strike
  by the Soviets.

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U.S. Responds Truman Doctrine

• containment of communism
• NOT concerned with rolling it back or destroying
  it all together
• Concerned with preventing communism from
  spreading and resisting the aggression of
  communist nations

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• Political alliance
• Members U.S. and western European nations
• Purpose prevent a Soviet invasion of western
  Europe

FOR PROTECTION AGAINST COMMUNISM!!
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Warsaw Pact

• Members Soviet Union and eastern European allies
• Purpose provide protection against threat from
  western democracies

FOR PROTECTION AGAINST WESTERN POWERS!!
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Communist China

• Chinas fall to communism increased American
  fears of communist domination of most of the
  world.
• HOWEVER, China and the Soviet Union become RIVALS
  not allies
• U.S. fear of the spread of communism increases to
  the point of paranoia

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Are there SPIES in the U.S.?

• Soviet Spies
• Alger Hiss, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
• Convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
• the construction of nuclear weapons by the
  Soviets was made possible by the technical
  secrets obtained through spying
• Discovery of spies increased domestic fears of
  communism in the U.S.

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The Rosenbergs are convicted and executed
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McCarthyism

• Senator Joseph McCarthy
• played on American fears of
  communism
• recklessly accused many American
  governmental officials and citizens of being
  communists based on flimsy or no evidence
• The term McCarthyism means making false
  accusations based on rumor or guilt by
  association.

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Can you detect a communist?

• Many people were convicted of being communists
  with little or no evidence.

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Major events of the Cold War that increased U.S.
fear of communism.
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Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in spacethey
have the technological edge!
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U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers plane was shot down
over Soviet airspace.
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The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
CheckpointCharlie
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Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West
is with them!
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Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961
The Soviet Union and Cuba become ALLIES.
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Fidel Castro

• Led a communist revolution in Cuba in the late
  1950s
• Many Cubans fled to Florida
• Bay of Pigs Invasion
• Attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro

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Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
U.S. invasion to try to overthrow the communist
government of Fidel Castro
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

• The Soviet Union stationed nuclear missiles in
  Cuba
• President Kennedy ordered the Soviets to remove
  their missiles
• The world was on the edge of nuclear war
• The Soviet Union blinked and removed their
  missiles

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Thirteen Days
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and
the other man blinked!
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The Korean War A Police Action (1950-1953)
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
Domino Theory
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The Korean War

• Reflected the American policy of containment
• North Korea invades South Korea
• U.S. leads a counterattack into North Korea
• Communist Chinese come to the aid of North Korea
• Ends in STALEMATE

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Korean War

• North Korea communist government
• South Korea democratic government, free market,
  industrializing economy
• Divided along the 38th parallel

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Vietnam War 1965-1973
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President Kennedy

• The U.S. will pay any price, bear any burdern,
  meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any
  foe, in order to assure the survival and the
  succes of LIBERTY.
• John F. Kennedy

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• ask not what your country can do for YOU, but
  what you can do for your COUNTRY.
• JFK

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President Kennedy

• Began American military buildup in Vietnam
• Kennedy was assasinated in 1963 in Dallas, Texas.
• Shook the nations confidence and began a period
  of internal division over U.S. involvement in
  Vietnam

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A Limited War

• President Lyndon Johnson increased American
  presence in Vietnam
• American forces continually defeated the
  Vietnamese on the battlefield
• BUT COULD NOT END THE WAR

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A Limited War

• America was unwilling to fully commit.
• Fighting a LIMITED war
• Limited manpower
• Limited supplies

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America Divided

• Some Americans supported the military and
  fighting the war
• Others actively opposed the war, especially on
  college campuses

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Kent State University
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Richard Nixon

• Johnson did not run for re-election
• Nixon pledged to bring the war to an honorable
  end through VIETNAMIZATION
• Withdrawing American troops and replacing them
  with Vietnamese forces
• This strategy FAILED

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Pentagon Papers

• 7,000 page document revealing plans of entering
  Vietnam even when President Johnson was promising
  not to send troops
• NO PLAN TO END THE WAR as long as North Vietnam
  continued its aggression
• The government had betrayed its citizens

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Watergate Scandal
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• Nixon resigned after the Watergate Scandal
• In 1975, North and South Vietnam merged under a
  single COMMUNIST government.

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Vietnam Veterans

• Unlike WWII veterans, Vietnam veterans faced
  indifference and even hostility upon their return
  to the U.S.
• Several years later, they received the
  recognition they deserved

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The Cold War at HOME

• American schools held regular drills incase of
  nuclear attacks
• Americans urged to build bomb shelters in their
  basements

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Duck and Cover

• http//molotovdigital.com/files/clip/1/18/Main/Duc
  kandCover.htm

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U.S. Military

• Millions of Americans defended freedom in wars
  and conflicts that were not always popular at
  home
• As a result, the U.S. and American ideals of
  democracy and freedom ultimately prevailed

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U.S. Government

• Foreign policy became the dominant issue in every
  presidential election
• Military expenditures benefited the Virginia
  economy (home to many naval bases in Hampton
  Roads, Pentagon, etc.)

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Problems in the Soviet Union

• Increased military spending to compete with the
  U.S.
• Economic inefficiency
• Rising nationalism in the Soviet republics
• Fast-paced reforms (market economy)

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President Gorbachev

• glasnost openness
• Management of the country open to debate
• FREEDOM of SPEECH
• perestroika economic restructuring

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President Ronald Reagan

• Challenged the moral legitimacy o9f the Soviet
  Union
• Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall
• Increased U.S. military and economic pressure on
  the Soviet Union

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The Berlin Wall is torn down
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The Soviet Union collapsed in 1989 and the Cold
War was over.