CARBON AND CARBOHYDRATES

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CARBON AND CARBOHYDRATES!!!
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The Role of Carbon in Life

• A Carbon atom has 4 electrons available for
  bonding it its outer energy level. This means
  that it can bond with other carbon atoms as well
  as many other elements.

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What About Bonding???

• When each atom shares two electrons, a double
  bond is formed.
• When three electrons are shared, a triple bond is
  formed (Shown by 3 bars).

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When carbon atoms bond to each other, they can
form straight chains, branched chains, or rings.
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• Some molecules contain just one or two carbon
  atoms while others contain tens, hundreds, or
  even thousands of carbon atoms.

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Substances that contain carbon are called

• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS!

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Organic Compounds are involved in

• All living processes

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The 4 Main Classes of Biochemical Compounds are

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids

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The Structure of a carbohydrate forms a

• RING!

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Foods that contain carbohydrates are

• Plants because carbohydrates are products of
  photosynthesis.

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The simplest type of carbohydrate is a

• MONOSACCHARIDE (simple sugar)
• Three types of monosaccharides are glucose,
  galactose, and fructose.

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Two monosaccharides come together to form a

• DISACCHARIDE!
• A type of disaccharide is sucrose.

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Chains of monosaccharides make a

• POLYSACCHARIDE!
• Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
  

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A GLUCOSE MOLECULE
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The Function of Carbohydrates

• The function of a carbohydrate is to provide
  ENERGY!

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The types of carbohydrates that provide energy
are

• SUGARS
• STARCHES
• CELLULOSE

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The Cell Walls of Plants are made of

• CELLULOSE!
• We often refer to cellulose as FIBER!

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Animals store starch in the form of

• GLYCOGEN!

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TESTING FOR STARCH

• Starch testing uses Lugols reagent. A positive
  test turns the reagent from brown-yellow to a
  blue-black or blue-brown color.

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TESTING FOR SUGAR

• The test for sugar uses Benedicts solution which
  turns from blue to red in the presence of sugar.

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PROTEIN STRUCTURE

• Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
  nitrogen.

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PROTEINS ARE COMPOSED OF

• AMINO ACIDS, CARBON COMPOUNDS WHOSE MOLECULE
  CONTAINS AT LEAST ONE AMINO GROUP (NH2) AND ONE
  CARBOXYL GROUP (COOH).

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Why Do We Need Protein?

• Your body is made up of about 15 protein. They
  are involved in nearly every function of your
  body.
• They
• Make your muscles, skin, and hair.
• Provide structural support for cells.
• The enable your cells to communicate, transport
  material, speed up chemical reactions, and
  control cell growth.

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All of the 20 amino acids come together in a
number of combinations to form chains.
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Peptide bonds hold amino acids together.

• 2 amino acids dipeptide
• Many amino acids polypeptide

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But what is an enzyme??

• Proteins that act as biochemical catalysts to
  speed up chemical reactions.

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The Test for Protein

• The test used when testing for protein is called
  the Biuret test. This reagent changes from light
  blue to purple in the presence of protein.