Diapozitiv 1

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Namen ali ucinek - omejevanje konkurence

• Kaj je omejevanje konkurence?
• Horizontalne in vertikalne omejitve
• Absolutna teritorialna zašcita
• Tudi pozitivni ucinki
• Dva možna pristopa
• Široka razlaga 81/1 in uporaba možnosti izjem
• Ožja razlaga 81/1 in manj potrebe po izjemah

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Namen ali ucinek omejevanje konkurence

• STM
• Alternativno
• ekskluzivne klavzule
• Consten Grundig
• hard core restrictions (omejitev per se)

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Object or effect preventing, limiting or
distorting of competition
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Object or effect (STM)

• The fact that these are not cumulative but
  alternative requirements, indicated by the
  conjunction 'or,' leads first to the need to
  consider the precise purpose of the agreement, in
  the economic context in which it is to be
  applied.
• Where, however, an analysis of the said clauses
  does not reveal the effect on competition to be
  sufficiently deleterious, the consequences of the
  agreement should then be considered and for it to
  be caught by the prohibition it is then necessary
  to find that those factors are present which show
  that competition had in fact been prevented or
  restricted or distorted to an appreciable extent.

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Consten Grundig

• Since the agreement thus aims at isolating the
  French market for Grundig products and
  maintaining artificially, for products of a very
  well-known brand, separate national markets
  within the community, it is therefore such as to
  distort competition in the common market.
• It was therefore proper for the contested
  decision to hold that the agreement constitutes
  an infringement of Article 81(1). No further
  considerations, whether of economic data (price
  differences between France and Germany,
  representative character of the type of appliance
  considered
• and no possible favourable effects of the
  agreement in other respects, can in any way lead,
  in the face of the abovementioned restrictions,
  to a different solution under Article 81(1).

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Economska analiza (STM)

• The competition in question must be understood
  within the actual context in which it would occur
  in the absence of the agreement in dispute.
• In particular it may be doubted whether there is
  an interference with competition if the said
  agreement seems really necessary for the
  penetration of a new area by an undertaking.
• Therefore, in order to decide whether an
  agreement containing a clause 'granting an
  exclusive right of sale' is to be considered as
  prohibited by reason of its object or of its
  effect, it is appropriate to take into account in
  particular

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• the nature and quantity, limited or otherwise, of
  the products covered by the agreement,
• the position and importance of the grantor and
  the concessionaire on the market for the products
  concerned,
• the isolated nature of the disputed agreement,
  or, alternatively, its position in a series of
  agreements,
• the severity of the clauses intended to protect
  the exclusive dealership or, alternatively,
• the opportunities allowed for other commercial
  competitors in the same products by way of
  parallel re-exportation and importation. "

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Omejitve per se - 81(1)

• a) neposredno ali posredno dolocajo nakupne ali
  prodajne cene ali druge pogoje poslovanja
• b) omejujejo ali nadzorujejo proizvodnjo, trge,
  tehnicni razvoj ali naložbe
• c) dolocajo razdelitev trgov in virov nabave
• d) uvajajo neenake pogoje za primerljive posle z
  drugimi trgovinskimi partnerji in jih tako
  postavljajo v podrejen konkurencni položaj
• e) pogojujejo sklepanje pogodb s tem, da
  sopogodbeniki sprejmejo dodatne obveznosti, ki po
  svoji naravi ali glede na trgovinske obicaje
  nimajo nikakršne zveze s predmetom takšnih
  pogodb.

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Zadosten ucinek na konkurenco

• De minimis doktrina (Völk v. Vervaecke)
• Mreže sporazumov (network agreements (Brasserie
  De Haecht)
• Sporocilo Komisije 2001
• Horizontalni 10
• Vertikalni 15

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Völk v. Vervaecke

• If an agreement is to be capable of affecting
  trade between member states it must be possible
  to foresee with a sufficient degree of
  probability on the basis of a set of objective
  factors of law or of fact
• that the agreement in question may have an
  influence, direct or indirect, actual or
  potential,
• on the pattern of trade between member states in
  such a way that it might hinder the attainment of
  the objectives of a single market between states.
  

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• Those conditions must be understood by reference
  to the actual circumstances of the agreement.
  Consequently
• an agreement falls outside the prohibition in
  Article 81 when it has only an insignificant
  effect on the markets, taking into account the
  weak position which the persons concerned have on
  the market of the product in question.
• Thus an exclusive dealing agreement, even with
  absolute territorial protection, may, having
  regard to the weak position of the persons
  concerned on the market in the products in
  question in the area covered by the absolute
  protection, escape the prohibition laid down in
  article 81(1).

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Mreže sporazumov

• Kumulativni ucinek
• Brasserie de Haecht
• Delimitis

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Brasserie De Haecht kumulativni ucinki

• regard must be had to such effects in the
  context in which they occur, that is to say, in
  the economic and legal context of such
  agreements, decisions or practices and where they
  might combine with others to have a cumulative
  effect on competition.
• pointless to consider an agreement taken
  distinct from the market in which they are seen
  to operate

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• Thus in order to examine whether it is caught by
  Article 81(1) an agreement cannot be examined
  in isolation from
• the factual or legal circumstances causing it to
  prevent, restrict or distort competition.
• The existence of similar contracts may be taken
  into consideration for this objective to the
  extent to which the general body of contracts of
  this type is capable of restricting the freedom
  of trade. ...
• The existence of similar contracts is a
  circumstance which, together with others, is
  capable of being a factor in the economic and
  legal context within which the contract must be
  judged.

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ECJ in Delimitis

• ... the cumulative effect of several similar
  agreements constitutes one factor
• consequently, in the present case it is
  necessary to analyse the effect of a beer supply
  agreement, taken together with other contracts of
  the same type,
• on the opportunities of national competitors or
  those from other Member States, to gain access to
  the market for beer consumption or to increase
  their market share "

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Ucinek na trgovino med DC
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Cezmejna trgovina

• Razmejitev pristojnosti med ES in DC
• Minimalen cezmejni ucinek
• Sporocilo K 2004
• Tudi glede NUVK in sodišc
• Trgovina Zajema vsako ekonomsko aktivnost
• Vzorec trgovanja (pattern of trade) med DC
• Struktura trgovanja v ES (zlasti eliminacija
  gospodarskega subjekta)

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Vzorec trgovanja (STM)

• it must be possible to foresee with a
  sufficient degree of probability on the basis of
  a set of objective factors of law or of fact that
  the agreement in question may have an influence,
  direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the
  pattern of trade between Member States.
• The influence thus foreseeable must give rise to
  a fear that the realization of a single market
  between Member States might be impeded.

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Faktorji

• Faktorji, za katere posamicno ni nujno, da so
  odlocilni
• Narava sporazuma c.a.
• Narava proizvodov na katere se sporazum nanaša
• Položaj in pomen udeleženih podjetij

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Povecanje volumna trgovanja

• Consten Grundig
• Ni pomembno

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Delitev trgov

• Vertikalni sporazumi
• Teritorialne omejitve
• Prepoved prodaje zunaj teritorija
• Horizontalni sporazumi
• Sporazumi, ki se nanašajo na tretje države

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Sporazumi glede ene DC

• Delimitis
• Ekskluziva in access clause
• Pronuptia
• Cementhandelaren (VCH)
• compartmentalisation

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Pronuptia

• " . .. distribution franchise agreements which
  contain clauses effecting a partitioning of
  markets between franchisor and franchisees or
  between franchisees are per se capable of
  affecting trade between Member States, even if
  they are concluded between enterprises
  established in the same Member State,
• to the extent that they prevent the franchisees
  from setting themselves up in another Member
  State."

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Cementhandelaren

• An agreement extending over the whole of the
  territory of a Member State by its very nature
  has the effect of reinforcing the
  compartmentalization of markets on a national
  basis...
• in particular, the by the association on all
  sales to resellers who are not authorized by it
  make it more difficult for producers or sellers
  from other Member States to be active in or
  penetrate the Netherlands market.

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Sankcija 81(2) PES

• Nicnost ex lege
• Možnost delne nicnosti (nac. pravo)
• Consten Grundig
• Odškodninski in opustitveni zahtevki (private
  enforcement)

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Namen izjem po 81/3

• Interpretacija 81/1
• Proti- in prokonkurencni vidiki sporazuma
• Ucinkovitost
• Boljši produkti, nižje cene
• Tehtanje
• Socialno-politicni faktorji (kontekst)

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4 pogoji iz 81/3

• Kumulativno
• Dokazno breme podjetje
• Navodila Komisije OJ (2004) C101/97

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Izjeme po 3. odstavku 81. clena

• Prispevek k napredku proizvodnje ali distribucije
  blaga ali k promociji tehnicnega ali
  gospodarskega napredka
• Omogocanje poštenega deleža ugodnosti potrošnikom
• Pogodba ne sme naložiti podjetjem omejitev, ki
  niso nujne
• Pogodba ne sme podjetjem omogociti možnosti za
  izkljucitev konkurence glede znatnega dela
  proizvodov
• Kumulativno!!