Biology 212 Anatomy

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Biology 212Anatomy Physiology I

• Dr. Thompson
• Blood

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Biology 212Anatomy Physiology I

• Dr. Thompson
• Blood

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Blood Volume Components Formed
Elements Plasma pH
Buffered to remain stable
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Erythrocytes Primary Function Biconcave
disks No nucleus 4.5-5.5 million per
microliter (cubic millimeter) 4.5-5.5
billion per milliliter (cubic
centimeter) Slightly higher in men
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Hemoglobin
Each molecule 4 large Globin proteins
Each surrounding an iron- containing Heme
Group
Oxygen
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Erythrocyte formation Occurs Developing
erythrocytes
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Erythropoiesis regulated
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Erythrocytes also carry specific glycoproteins,
or antigens, on their surfaces which are
responsible for blood types
If transfused into person with incompatible blood
type,
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Erythrocytes normally survive
Trapped and destroyed Iron
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Leukocytes (White blood cells) Five different
types of cells
All formed 4,000 to 10,000 per cubic
millimeter or 4,000,000 to 10,000,000 per
milliliter (cubic centimeter)
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Each type has specific functions, but in
general Leukocytes function in body defenses
by Engulfing Directly Producing
Secreting Secreting
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Leukocytes Grouped into two categories Abund
ant, distinct granules Few, small granules
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Granular Leukocytes Named according to how
these granules react to routine lab
stains ("Wright's Stain" is most common)
The nucleus of each type also has a
characteristic shape and/or density
Three types
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Neutrophils . Granules present in cytoplasm
but stain weakly with both acidic and basic stains
Nucleus Also called
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Eosinophils Granules attract acidic stain
eosin, therefore stain red or orange
Nucleus
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Basophils Granules attract the basic stain
hematoxylin, therefore stain blue or purple
Nucleus
Outside of circulation
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Agranular Leukocytes Two unrelated types of
leukocytes, neither of which has
abundant granules
The nucleus of each type also has a
characteristic shape and density
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Monocytes Nucleus Stains Cytoplasm
Outside of circulation
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Lymphocytes Nucleus Varying amounts of
cytoplasm
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Lymphocytes Two types of lymphocytes
with different functions in immune system, but
they appear identical in blood
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All leukocytes formed in bone marrow, then enter
blood But Not particularly active when in the
blood. Most leukocytes are using the blood to
get to other tissues and organs, where they
differentiate and become active
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Since they generally function outside of the
circulatory system, primarily in the connective
tissues of other organs, All leukocytes can leave
(and most can also reenter) the blood vessels by
a process called Therefore All of the
leukocytes, and the cells which they mature into,
are normally found in connective tissues
throughout the body
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Platelets Function
250,000 to 500,000 per cubic millimeter
or 250,000,000 to 500,000,000 per milliliter
(cubic centimeter)
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Platelets Fragments of much larger cells,
which remain in
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When blood vessels are damaged, the flow of blood
through them must be stopped until the body can
repair the injury. This is called It involves
three processes in rapid sequence
Vasospasm
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When blood vessels are damaged, the flow of blood
through them must be stopped until the body can
repair the injury. This is called It involves
three processes in rapid sequence
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Formation of a Platelet Plug
- Under normal conditions, platelets do not
stick to each other or to the walls of blood
vessels
- When a blood vessel is injured, it releases
chemicals which cause platelets to attach to
each other and to the injured part of the
vessel. This is
- As new platelets attach, they also
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When blood vessels are damaged, the flow of blood
through them must be stopped until the body can
repair the injury. This is called It involves
three processes in rapid sequence
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Formation of a Fibrin Blood Clot
- This involves a series of sequential chemical
reactions in which the products of the
first reaction serve as the catalysts of
the second reaction, whose products are the
catalysts of the third reaction, whose products
are the catalysts of the fourth reaction,
etc.
- This allows for a very rapid increase in the
rate at which the clot forms.
- It also allows many chances to stop the
process if it began by mistake or gets too
far away from where the vessel was injured.
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Formation of a fibrin blood clot involves 13
"clotting factors". Each of these is the
reactant for the next of these sequential
reactions
Factor Synonyms
Factor I Fibrinogen
Factor II Prothrombin
Factor III Tissue Thromboplastin
Factor IV Calcium
Factor V Proaccelerin
Factor VI Labile Factor
Factor VII Prothrombin accelerator
Factor VIII Antihemophilic Factor A
Factor IX Antihemophilic Factor B
Factor X Stuart Factor
Factor XI Thromboplastin Antecedent
Factor XII Hageman Factor
Factor XIII Fibrin Stabilizing Factor
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Formation of a fibrin blood clot involves 13
"clotting factors". Each of these is the
reactant for the next of these sequential
reactions
Last reaction
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Once the fibrin clot has formed,
Over the next 30 to 60 minutes,
End result Dense network of interconnected
strands of fibrin with platelets, erythrocytes,
and leukocytes trapped within it.
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Over next few days, after vessel has time to
repair itself Clot is dissolved and removed
by process called Plasma protein converted to
active enzyme which dissolves fibrin.