Cognitive Perspective

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Cognitive Perspective

• Part 2
• Learning

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Edward C. Tolman - Cognitive Maps

• Trained white rats in mazes
• Showed that animals had internal representation
  of behavior
• Proposed latent learning could occur without a
  change in behavior unobservable learning
• Proposed that learning could occur without
  reinforcement Purpose of the behavior is more
  important than S-R parts (totality)

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Tolman Cognitive Maps

• Learning results in an organized body of
  information cognitive maps
• Intervening variable must be considered such as
  hunger
• Behavior is purposive It is goal-directed, not
  directly related with learning

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Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967)

• Insight Learning
• Gestalt psychology the whole is greater than
  the parts
• Gestalt was a rebellion against Wundt and
  Titchener who proposed that experiences were
  reduced to individual parts
• Showed problem solving propensities in animals

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Kohler Insight Learning

• Problem Solving Behaviors
• Sultan putting together bamboo sticks to retrieve
  food outside of the cage
• Apes stacking boxes to retrieve bananas suspended
  from the ceiling

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Gestalt Psychology

• Max Wertheimer founded Gestalt psychology with
  Kohler and Kurt Koffka
• Phi Phenomenon
• Description and analysis of an optical illusion
• Stroboscope light illusions

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Gestalt Psychology

• Perception is often different from reality
• The whole is more than the sum of its parts
• The organism structures and organizes experience
• The organism is predisposed to organize
  experience in particular ways
• Learning follows the law of Pragnanz People
  perceive and remember things more simple than
  they are An apple is round

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Gestalt Psychology

• Law of Proximity People tend to perceive things
  that are close together in space as a unit
• Law of similarity People tend to perceive
  similar things as a unit
• Law of closure People tend to fill in missing
  pieces to form a complete picture
• Law of Pragnanz Individuals organize their
  experience as simply, concisely, symmetrically,
  and completely as possible

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Frederic Bartlett (1886-1969)

• Schema Theory
• Schema is a framework for integrating and
  organizing information, based on previous
  experience
• Interpreting plays a large role in what we
  remember
• Memory is a constructive process

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Schema has 4 characteristics

• General A schema can be used in a whide variety
  of situations
• Knowledge A schema is created from ones
  knowledge and memories
• Structure A schema is organized around a
  certain theme
• Comprehension A schema is not complete,
  instead, it allows one to fill in specific
  information of a situation

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Bartlett - Schemas

• Reconstructive vs Reproductive Memory
• The War of the Ghost
• The Owl to Cat drawings
• Serial reproduction subjects see an abstract
  drawing, decide what it is, and drawn their
  version based on their schema of a cat

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Memory Construction

• Influence of leading information in memory
  formation and reconstruction
• Elizabeth Loftus False Memories

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Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

• Law of Effect any behavior that is followed by
  pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated
  and any behavior followed by unpleasant
  consequences is likely to be stopped.
• Forerunner to Skinners Theory of Operant
  Conditioning

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Martin Seligman Learned Helplessness

• Dogs were harnessed and shocked
• After conditioning dogs did not try to escape
  even when they could
• Seligman theorized that in humans Learned
  Helplessness - leads to depression

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Albert Bandura BoBo Dolls

• Showed that organism can learn not only if
  directly rewarded or punished, but also by
  observing others subject to a reward or
  punishment, thereby pointing to some mental
  processes occurring during observation

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BoBo Doll Experiments