The Stuff of the Universe

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The Stuff of the Universe

• What is nature made of?

Horsehead nebula in Orion
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Matter Energy
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Phases of Matter
Determined by temperature and pressure
Gas
Solid
Liquid
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Rock
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Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds
Life, the Universe Everything
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Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?
Particle Charge Weight (amu)
Proton (p) 1
Electron (e) - 0
Neutron (n) 0 1
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Atomic Structure
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Atomic NumberNumber of Protons
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Elements
Carbon
Iron
Gold
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Periodic Table of the Elements
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Abundance of the Elements (wt. )Solid Earth

• Crust Whole Earth
• Oxygen(O) 46.3 29.5
• Silicon (Si) 28.2 15.2
• Aluminum (Al) 8.2 1.1
• Iron (Fe) 5.6 34.6
• Calcium (Ca) 4.1 1.1
• Sodium (Na) 2.4 0.6
• Potassium (K) 2.1 0.1
• Magnesium (Mg) 2.3 12.7
• All others 0.5 5.1

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Abundance of Elements ()Living Things

• Human Alfalfa Bacteria
• Oxygen(O) 62.8 77.9 73.7
• Carbon (C) 19.4 11.3 12.1
• Hydrogen (H) 9.3 8.7 9.9
• Nitrogen (N) 5.1 0.8 3.0
• Phosphorous (P) 0.6 0.7 0.6
• Sulfur (S) 0.6 0.1 0.3

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AtomicWeight number of protons neutrons
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Isotopes
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Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds
Life, the Universe Everything
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Bonding formsCompounds
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Minerals
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Organic Compounds
Carbon is found in all organic compounds
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Why Carbon?

• Small and Abundant
• 4th most abundant element in the Solar System
• Bonds with a lot of different atoms
• Forms lots of different organic compounds
• Forms long chains (polymers)
• Forms very strong bonds
• Hard to destroy
• Bonds store a lot of energy

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Organic Compounds

• Types of Organic Compounds
• Lipids - (H,C (hydrocarbons)) ? Fats and
  Oils ? cell membranes energy storage
• Carbohydrates - (C, H, O) ? Sugars, Starches
  and Cellulose ? energy storage structure

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Organic Compounds

• Types of Organic Compounds
• Amino Acids ? Proteins - (C, H, O, N, S) ?
  Enzymes - catalysts for chemical reactions ?
  also Hair, silk, fingernails, etc.
• Nucleic Acids - (C, H, O, N, P) ? DNA
  (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) ? RNA (Ribonucleic
  Acid) ? store transfer genetic information

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Energy Types

• Kinetic
• Mechanical
• Electromagnetic
• Electricity
• Heat
• Potential
• Chemical

Sun - September 12, 2005
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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EnergyQuality
Low Quality High Quality (disorganized
concentrated)
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Energy Units
Joule (J) Energy needed to lift 1 kg weight by
0.1 meter (about the energy to lift an apple
over your head) calorie (cal) Energy needed to
heat 1 g water by 1C (Note Calories (Cal) in
food are equal to 1000 calories (cal)
1 calorie 4.2 joules (1 Calorie 4200 joules)
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PowerRate of energy use
Watt (Joule/second)
100 W light bulb uses 100 joules of energy each
second (200 Calorie candy bar would light bulb
for 140 minutes)
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3 Fundamental Laws of Nature

• Conservation of Matter
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of
  Energy)
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy)

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3 Fundamental Laws of Nature

• You cant thrown anything away
• You cant get something for nothing
• In fact, you cant even break even