Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders

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Chapter 13 Psychological Disorders
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Abnormal Behavior

• The medical model
• What is abnormal behavior?
• Deviant
• Maladaptive
• Causing personal distress

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PsychodiagnosisThe Classification of Disorders

• American Psychiatric Association
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
  Disorders 4th ed. (DSM - 4)

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Five Axes

• Axis I Clinical Syndromes
• Axis II Personality Disorders or Mental
  Retardation
• Axis III General Medical Conditions
• Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
• Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning

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Anxiety Disorders

• Generalized anxiety disorder
• free-floating anxiety
• Phobic disorder
• Specific focus of fear
• Panic disorder and agoraphobia
• Obsessive compulsive disorder
• Obsessions
• Compulsions
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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Etiology of Anxiety Disorders

• Biological factors
• Genetic predisposition
• GABA circuits in the brain
• Conditioning and learning
• Acquired through classical conditioning
• Maintained through operant conditioning
• Cognitive factors
• Judgments of perceived threat
• Stressa precipitator

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Figure 13.3 Twin studies of anxiety disorders
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Figure 13.4 Conditioning as an explanation for
phobias
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Figure 13.5 Cognitive factors in anxiety
disorders
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Somatoform Disorders

• Somatization Disorder
• Conversion Disorder
• Hypochondriasis
• Etiology of somatoform disorders
• Cognitive factors
• Personality factors
• The sick role

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Figure 13.6 Glove anesthesia
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Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative amnesia and fugue
• Dissociative identity disorder
• Etiology
• severe emotional trauma during childhood
• Controversy
• Media creation?

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Mood Disorders

• Major depressive disorder
• Dysthymic disorder
• Bipolar disorder
• Cyclothymic disorder
• Etiology
• Genetic vulnerability
• Neurochemical factors
• Cognitive factors
• Interpersonal roots
• Precipitating stress

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Figure 13.7 Episodic patterns in mood disorders
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Figure 13.9 Twin studies of mood disorders
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Figure 13.10 Interpreting the correlation
between negative thinking and depression
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Figure 13.11 Interpersonal factors in depression
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Schizophrenia

• General symptoms
• Delusions and irrational thought
• Deterioration of adaptive behavior
• Distorted perception
• Disturbed emotion

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Subtyping of Schizophrenia

• Four subtypes
• Paranoid type
• Catatonic type
• Disorganized type
• Undifferentiated type
• New model for classification
• Positive vs. negative symptoms

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Etiology of Schizophrenia

• Genetic vulnerability
• Neurochemical factors
• Structural abnormalities of the brain
• The neurodevelopmental hypothesis
• Expressed emotion
• Precipitating stress

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Figure 13.13 The dopamine hypothesis as an
explanation for schizophrenia
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Figure 13.15 The neurodevelopmental hypothesis
of schizophrenia
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Culture and Pathology

• Cultural variations
• Culture bound disorders
• Koro
• Windigo
• Anorexia nervosa