Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

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Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• Aim How did nationalism contribute to the
  decline of the Austrian empire?
• Do Now Describe the influence that nationalism
  had on Italy and Germany?

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Empires

• In Eastern Europe, the Austrian Hapsburgs and the
  Ottoman Turks ruled large empires
• These empires governed a diverse population
• Strong nationalist feelings developed among many
  of these ethnic groups

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The Austrian Empire

• The Austrian empire included Austria, Bohemia,
  Hungary, and parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine,
  and northern Italy
• Francis I and Metternich were conservatives who
  opposed the idea of any change in the government
• They censored newspapers and prevented
  industrialization because they feared it would
  threaten traditional ways of life

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The Austrian Empire (continued)

• In the 1840s, industrialization had emerged
• Growth of Cities
• Worker Discontent
• Socialism
• Only ¼ of the population were German-speaking
  Austrians
• The rest of the population was made up of Czechs,
  Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Romanians, Serbs,
  Croats, Slovenes, Hungarians, and Italians

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Early Reforms

• Francis Joseph inherited the throne
• He made some limited reforms
• New constitution that established a legislature
• These reforms did not satisfy many of the ethnic
  groups of the empire

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The Dual Monarchy

• Austrias defeat in the 1866 war with Prussia
  brought more turmoil to the empire
• One year later, a dual monarchy was established
• Austria and Hungary became separate states each
  had a constitution and parliament
• Francis Joseph ruled both (emperor of Austria and
  king of Hungary)
• The two states shared ministries of finance,
  defense, and foreign affairs
• Everything else was separate

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Nationalist Pressure Builds

• Although reforms were made, many nationalist
  leaders did not believe it was enough

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Balkan Nationalism

• The Ottoman Empire also governed a diverse
  population
• The empire controlled territories in Eastern
  Europe, the Balkans, North Africa, and the Middle
  East
• Serbia won independence in 1817 and Greece in
  1830s

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The Sick Man of Europe

• Many Europeans recognized the Ottoman empires
  weakness and took full advantage
• The Russians pushed south
• Austria-Hungary took control of the provinces of
  Bosnian and Herzegovina
• Britain and France increased their influence in
  the Middle East and North Africa
• The Balkan Powder Keg

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Question?

• Who do you think competing interests in the
  Balkans led the region to be called a powder keg?
  Explain your answer.