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Nutrient management in Danube river basin for
eutrophication control in Western Black Sea
Coastal Area Kishnev, Oct. 2006 H. Kroiss, M.
Zessner, Ch. Lampert Institute for Water Quality
and Waste Management, Vienna University of
Technology
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Introduction
In many regions of the world problems with
eutrophication of marine estuaries occurs due to
excessive discharge of nutrients (N, P) by large
rivers. This eutrophication problem is mainly
caused by diffused sources (land use,
agriculture) and inadequate waste water
management. The daNUbs Research Project within
the 5th European Research Frame Work Program
dealt with this problem in regard to the Danube
River Basin and Black Sea coastal area.
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Danubs Team
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Characteristics of the study region Danube and
Western Black Sea Shelf Area, WBSS
DANUBE RIVER Length 2.857 km Catchment 817.000
km², incl. larger parts of 13 countries Population
within the catchment 85 million people BLACK
SEA Total catchment 2.3 million km², population
190 million people Surface Area 461.000 km²,
average depth 1.240 m WESTERN BLACK SEA SHELF
AREA Influenced by Danube plume surface area
about 30.000 km² Depth along the coastline 70
m, shelf 140 m
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REP SERBIA
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daNUbs Project Goals

• Understanding of the fate of nutrients (N, P, Si)
  from their sources (point and diffused sources)
  to the sea
• ? quantitative description by Source inventory,
  MONERIS, Danube Water Quality Model, Danube Delta
  Model.
• Understanding of the relation between river
  nutrient discharge and the eutrophication
  processes in WBSSA.
• ? quantitative description by physical ocean
  model, biological models of the shelf area
  influenced by Danube

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daNUbs Project Goals

• Development of technical and operational measures
  to control point and diffuse nutrient discharges
  to the environment in order to achieve
  sustainable good water quality in Danube and
  WBSSA
• Design of different scenarios in order to show
  the link between political and socio-economic
  development (decisions) and the consequences
  for the status of all waters in Danube Basin as
  required by EU WFD (special emphasis on WBSSA).
• Development of improved monitoring procedures.

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CONCEPT
Black Sea
Emissions
Danube Basin
EUTROPHICATION
DISPOSAL
AGRICULTURE
TRANSPORT
NUTRITION LIFESTYLE
N
P
TRANSFORMATION
Si?
STORAGE
ECONOMY
SOCIO ECONOMIC ASPECTS
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PROJECT METHODOLOGY

• MONERIS model, describes the transport and
  transformation of nutrients from their source to
  the river system
• DWQ-model, describes the same processes in the
  large rivers
• DD-model, describes the fate of nutrients in
  Danube Delta
• Models are able to describe the consequences of
  the dramatic changes in the catchment due to the
  economic crises in the CEE countries for N and P
  discharge to Black Sea with adequate accuracy for
  strategic decisions.

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Historic development of P-discharge
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• The main anthropogenic driving forces for N and P
  discharge to Danube and Black Sea are
• Agriculture (nutrition, animal protein
  production)
• Wastewater management (sewerage, wastewater
  treatment)
• Air pollution by combustion processes (e.g.
  traffic) with NOX.

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Nitrogen emissions
D
DP
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Phosphorus emissions
P
D
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Nutrient emissions to water system influenced by
agriculture Fertilizer management in plant
production Production of animal protein and
fat (milk, meat, eggs) Soil quality management,
erosion abatement, etc. Agricultural Policy
(financial support) on national, EU and WTO
level Natural influences on nutrient emissions
to water system Soil, geology Climatic
conditions (precipitation, etc.) Slope Residen
ce time in groundwater
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• Driving forces for transport and losses
• Denitrification potential mainly from source to
  medium size rivers with strong emphasis on
  processes in soil and ground water (residence
  time) and interaction between ground and river
  water (littoral areas).
• Erosion together with over-fertilization
  strongly contributes to transport of particulate
  nutrient loads, their role for eutrophication is
  still not well understood.
• The large dam at Iron Gate represents and
  important sink for phosphorus even for the next
  decades.
• Large rivers (including wetlands along these
  rivers and the delta) have only little influence
  on N transport and loss.

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Actual Status of Western Black Sea Coastal Area
(WBSC)
Indicators for improvement of water
quality Anaerobic conditions in the sediments
(anoxia) have nearly disappeared Number of
macro-benthic species in the WBSC has markedly
increased Algae growth is phosphorus limited
(in summer, in winter probably light
limited) Rare algae blooms (similar to the
1960ies)
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• Positive development in WBSSA is mainly caused
  by
• Economic crisis in Eastern Danubian Countries
  (EDC) since 1989
• Change of agriculture from economically driven
  production to nutritional survival of the
  population,
• closure of the large industrial animal production
  plants
• closure and of many fertilizer production plants
  (market fertilizer application dropped to nearly
  zero) in the EDC countries
• Use of P free detergents in D, A, and
  increasingly in EDC
• N and P removal at municipal treatment plants
  in D, A, CZ
• Improved agricultural practice mainly in A, D

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Conclusions
Danube is the main contributor to
eutrophication phenomena in WBSC. Nutrient
concentrations in Danube River will probably meet
good status requirements. The actual status of
WBSSA is close to good (except fish
population). The climatic conditions during the
last years were favorable for WBSSA. Eutrophicat
ion in WBSSA is actually phosphorus limited and
the N/P ratio is good.
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• Economic crises and improved dissolved P
  management from point sources were the main
  drivers for the improvements in WBSSA.
• Agriculture is the main driver for diffused
  nutrient emission to water systems.
• Nitrogen loads which can be influenced by
  agricultural practice are actually in the same
  order of magnitude as from point sources
  (municipal waste water systems).
• For dissolved phosphorus point source are of
  primary importance, particulate phosphorus mainly
  stems from agricultural soil erosion.
• The establishment of a clear correlation
  between measures taken and the response in the
  status of Danube and WBSSA needs long term
  reliable monitoring and adequate models.

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Anticipated Pressures for Nutrient Management in
Danube Basin

• Economic situation in the EDC actually not
  sustainable. Economic development can result in
  important increase of nutrient discharges from
  diffused (agricultural development) and point
  sources (sewerage development without adequate
  waste water treatment).
• A nutrient management policy for all Danubian
  countries enabling economic growth without
  compromising water quality has to be implemented
  (ICPDR) relation to EU Agricultural Policy
• Changes in climate can lead to increase the
  pressure.
• Nutrient management needs a long lasting strategy
  for sustainable development with a perspective of
  about 30 years for stable success.

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Partners
Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management,
TU Vienna,AUSTRIA CO-ORDINATOR Danube Delta
National Institute for Research and Development,
Tulcea, ROMANIA Stichting Waterloopkundig
Laboratorium, Delft Hydraulics, Delft,
NETHERLANDS Bureau of Sustainable Agriculture,
Hanhofen GERMANY Institute of Fisheries and
Aquaculture - Varna, BULGARIA Institute for
Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin,
GERMANY Institute of Hydraulics, Hydrology and
Water Resources Management, TU Vienna,
AUSTRIA Institute for Land and Water Management,
Petzenkirchen, AUSTRIA Institute for Marine
Research, University Kiel, GERMANY National
Centre for Marine Research, Athens,
GREECE Romanian Marine Research, Constanta,
ROMANIA Institute for Water Pollution Control,
Vituki Budapest, HUNGARY Department of Sanitary
and Environmental Engineering, Budapest,
HUNGARY Institute of Public Finance and
Infrastructure Policy, TU Vienna,
AUSTRIA Department of Meteorology and Geophysics,
University of Sofia, BULGARIA Institute of Water
Problems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia,
BULGARIA Department of Systems Ecology,
University of Bucharest, ROMANIA