"They came for the communists,

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"They came for the communists, and I did not
speak up because I wasn't a communistThey came
for the socialists, and I did not speak up
because I was not a socialistThey came for the
union leaders, and I did not speak up because I
wasn't a union leaderThey came for the
Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a
Jew.Then they came for me, and there was no one
left to speak up for me." Martin Niemoller,
1892-1984
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Edward Munch The Scream (1895)
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Il Duce

• Benito
• Mussolini

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JosefStalin

• Secretary General
• of the
• Communist Party
• Union of Soviet
• Socialist Republics
• World War II

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DALADIER, Édouard
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WinstonChurchill

• Prime Minister
• of
• Great Britain
• World War II

we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on
the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields
and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills
we shall never surrender - June 4, 1940
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears
and sweat May 10, 1940
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FranklinDelanoRoosevelt

• President
• of the
• United States
• World War II

The only thing we have to fear is fear itself -
1932
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Adolf Hitler

• Fuhrer

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Adolph Hitler

• Emblematic of German Problem
• Only success came in warwon a minor medal
• Believed that Germany stabbed in the back
• Germany should have won the war
• Unemployed after the warno jobs
• Formed a paramilitary group to substitute for
  Germany ArmyNational Socialists

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The Early Years

• Born in Braunau, Austria-Hungary in 1889
• As a boy, lacked capacity for intellectual,
  emotional, artistic or sexual development
• Age 15, developed political and social prejudices
  carried into reign as Fuhrer
• Dropped out of school to become artist, failed
• Vienna Years (1907 - 1913), developed ideology

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Adolph Hitler

• Hitler promised Germans
• Stability
• Jobs
• To be Proud Again
• To Reverse the Versailles Treaty
• To End Weak Democracy
• To Get Rid of the Jews
• Lebenstraum Living Space for Germans

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Fascism

• Nation comes first
• Against Liberalism and Liberal Institutions
• Irrational PoliticsEmphasize Street Fighting
• SA Storm Troopers (Ernst Rohm)they wanted to get
  rid of Nazis enemies. They were called the
  Brown shirts
• SSSchutzstaffel (Heinrich Himmler)they were
  called the black shirts.

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Night of the Long Knives

• June 30-July 1, 1934
• Röhm and his top lieutenants murdered
• Schleicher also killed
• Several other political scores settled

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IV. People Involved In the Holocaust

• Adolf Hitler
• Dictator of Germany
• Heinrich Himmler
• Head of the SS, chief of the Gestapo
• C. Einsatzgruppen
• task force responsible for executions

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IV. People Involved In the Holocaust

• Dr. Josef Mengele
• Angel of Death
• Performed inhumane experiments
• Joseph Goebbels
• Minister of Propaganda
• Adolf Eichmann
• Responsible for coordinating shipment of Jews
  across Europe

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Nuremberg Laws

• In 1935 Hitler announced a series of decrees that
  took most civil rights from Jews.
• In addition, these race laws prohibited
  marriage between Jews and Aryans. Any sexual
  relations were also prohibited.
• Some jobs were also denied to Jews
• Finally, Jews now had to identify themselves as
  Jews with the infamous yellow Star of David.
  Businesses also had to be identified in such a
  manner.

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Eugenics (Good birth) Laws

• Also part of the Nuremberg Laws were laws to
  promote a genetically healthy Germany.
• The simple minded, retarded, mentally ill,
  deformed and other defectives were to be
  sterilized to prevent their reproducing.
• Eventually this extended itself to the Euthanasia
  (good death) program which killed such people.
  Usually they went in for a tonsillectomy or some
  such surgery and died during surgery.

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November 9, 1938 Kristillnacht, The night of
broken glass, destroys 7,000 Jewish businesses,
sets fire to 900 synagogues, deports 30,000
Jewish men to concentration camps, and kills 91
Jews.
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Reoccupying the Rhineland

• In 1936 Hitler took a huge gamble by sending
  troops into the Rhinelanda region to be
  demilitarized according to the Versailles Treaty.
• French troops were ordered to do nothing.
• Hitler had ordered his troops to retreat
  immediately if the French showed any signs of
  resistance or movement. However, France did
  nothing
• A plot to kill Hitler by the Schwarz Kappel,
  Catholic anti-Hitler officers, fizzled as Hitler
  succeeded in the Rhineland.

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Going HomeAnschluss

• While Hitler was an Austrian, he seemed more of
  Berlin, than of Vienna.
• For that reason, many felt that Hitler would
  finally meet his fate if he tried to bring
  Austria into Germany. They were wrong.
• When Hitler rode into Austria in 1938, the
  reception was rapturous. Even Nazi propaganda
  was surprised. And it was done without any
  violence. Greater Germany was finally a reality.
  Not even Bismarck had done this much as
  Chancellor.

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The Sudeten Crisis

• The region bordering Czechoslovakia and Germany
  was called the Sudetenlandand was majority
  German.
• Hitler made a huge issue of this, as did the
  Sudetens who wanted to be in Germany, not
  Czechoslovakia.
• By September of 1938, Hitler had decided to take
  the Sudetenland by force. War seemed likely and
  France mobilized her army
• And then came Neville Chamberlain and Appeasement.

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The Munich Agreement

• Chamberlain was simply unwilling to fight over
  Czechoslovakia.
• France did not want to fight, and would not do so
  without Britain. So, it was clear, there would
  be no war over Czechoslovakia.
• However, Hitler was ready to fight.
• Chamberlain rushed to meet with Hitler and sold
  out the Czechs at the Munich Agreement.
• The Czechs were not even invited to the sell out
  of their nation. France went along.

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Reaction to Munich

• The whole world rejoiced that war was averted.
  Chamberlain was an international hero. He was
  greeted in Britain with rapturous cheers.
• He declared, We have Peace in Our Time.
• Winston Churchill, derided as a war monger
  declared, Mr. Chamberlain had a choice between
  war and dishonor. He chose dishonor. He will
  get war.
• Of course, Churchill was only some nut.
  Chamberlain was the Man of the Hour.

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New Combatants World War II

• Origins of World War II
• Japans War in China
• The Rape of Nanjing
• Chinese Resistance
• European Aggression
• Italy adventures in Africa
• Germany Rearmament and the Spanish Civil War
• Appeasement and Peace for our time
• The German-Soviet non-agression pact

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New Combantants World War II

• Total War The World Under Fire
• Blitzkrieg Germany Conquers Europe
• The invasion of Poland
• The Fall of France
• The Battle of Britain
• The German Invasion of the Soviet Union
• Operation Barbarossa
• The Siege of Stalingrad

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The Canadian Role
When the Second World War broke out in 1939,
Canada was an ocean away from the scene of the
fighting in Europe. But geographical distance did
not mean that Canada would not play an important
role in the struggle to restore peace.
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The BCATP was an outstanding success. By the end
of the war, it had graduated 131,533 pilots,
observers, flight engineers, and other aircrew
for the air forces of Canada, Britain, Australia,
and New Zealand. 72,835 graduates joined the
Royal Canadian Air Force 42,110 graduates joined
the Royal Air Force 9,606 joined the Royal
Australian Air Force 7,002 joined the Royal New
Zealand Air Force
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Canadian Industry
When the Second World War began, Canadian
industry was still struggling in the midst of a
bumpy and uncertain recovery from the Great
Depression.
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Canadian industry produced over 800,000 military
transport vehicles, 50,000 tanks, 40,000 field,
naval, and anti-aircraft guns, and 1,700,000
small arms.
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During the Second World War, Canadian industries
manufactured war materials and other supplies for
Canada, the United States, Britain, and other
Allied countries. The total value of Canadian war
production was almost 10 billion - approximately
100 billion in today's dollars.
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Canadian Youth
Approximately 700,000 Canadians under the age of
21 served in uniform during the Second World War.
Photo  "Wait for me, Daddy"
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"Canadian Whites" To save scarce U.S. dollars,
the government barred all non-essential American
products from entering Canada. This embargo
included children's much-beloved comic books.
Canadian comic book heroes included Johnny
Canuck, Freelance Dixon of the Mounties, and
Nelvana of the Northern Lights.
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September 3, 1939 the passenger liner Athenia is
torpedoed, killing the first Canadian of the war,
stewardess Hannah Baird of Quebec.
September 10, 1939 Canada declares war on
Germany - the first and only time Canada has
declared war on another country on its own.
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November-December 1941 Canadian troops are
stationed at Hong Kong on December 8, 1941, Hong
Kong is attacked by the Japanese on December 25
Hong Kong falls (of 1,975 Canadian troops, 290
were killed with the remaining 1,685 taken
prisoner a further 260 of these Canadians would
die as prisoners of war before the end of the
war).
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August 19, 1942 the Dieppe Raid sees a force of
more than 6,000 Allied soldiers (almost 5000 of
whom were Canadian) taking part in a raid in
occupied France. The operation would prove to be
a failure, with 1,946 of the force being taken
prisoner and 913 Canadians losing their lives.
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September 3, 1943 On the fourth anniversary of
Britain and France's declaration of war on
Germany, Canadian troops join Allied forces in
the invasion of the Italian mainland.
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June 6, 1944 D-Day. 15,000 members of the
Canadian Army as well as hundreds of members of
the Royal Canadian Air Force and the crews of 60
vessels of the Royal Canadian Navy participate in
the landings in Normandy as part of an invasion
force of some 150,000 Allies (there were 1,074
Canadian casualties on D-Day, including 359
deaths).
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May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders, the war in
Europe ends the next day, May 8, is declared VE
Day.
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August 6, 1945 dropping of the atomic bomb on
Hiroshima in Japan and, days later, Nagasaki,
ends the necessity of sending into battle the
approximately 80,000 Canadian troops who
volunteered to serve in the Pacific. August 14,
1945 Japan surrenders - VJ Day. The Second World
War is officially over.
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Comrades in Arms Many Canadian women wanted to
play an active role in the war and lobbied the
government to form military organizations for
women. In 1941-42, the military was forever
changed as it created its own women's forces.
Women were now able, for the first time in our
history, to serve Canada in uniform. More than
50,000 women served in the armed forces during
the Second World War.
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Pearl Harbor

• Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was home to the American
  Pacific Fleet in 1941
• Japan, in retaliation for the economic stance of
  the U.S. in terms of material sales and trade,
  launched a surprise attack on the base on
  December 7
• This action unified the country and threw America
  into World War II

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Events during the War

• Killing Intensifies
• SS Einsatzgruppen (Action squads)
• Mobile killing units
• Firing squads murdered massive number of people
• Buried them in mass graves
• By 1941, the SS Einsatzgruppen had murdered 1.5
  million people, mostly Jews
• January 20, 1942 the Wannsee Conference in Berlin
• The Jews were rounded up and sent to Labor and
  the Death camps.
• 3 million people were killed in Auschwitz alone.
• At least 6 million Jews killed

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I. Origin of the Holocaust

• A. Historic Anti-Semitism in Europe (Hatred of
  the Jews)
• Middle Ages
• Blamed for Plague
• Anti-Semitic Legislation
• Germanys Loss in WWI
• Treaty of Versailles seen as unfair
• Make Jews the scapegoat
• Germany loses territory, military and money

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Human Genomics and the Holocaust

• The Nazi state was the first to set as its aim
  the eradication of inherited diseases.
• The Nazi state was the first to introduce
  universal genetic testing through health courts
  with the power to enforce sterilisation.
• Hitler did not impose an irrational
  racial-biological ideology on the medical
  profession. On the contrary, he was persuaded by
  leading geneticists such as Ernst Rudin that
  forced sterilisation and gas chambers were the
  only rational solution to inherited disease and
  disability.
• The first gas chambers built were for the
  disabled and those considered mentally abnormal.
• They were the first human beings to be branded as
  sub-human lives not worth living.

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Wannsee Conference
Shooting was too inefficient as the bullets were
needed for the war effort
Women, children, the old the sick were to be
sent for special treatment.
The young and fit would go through a process
called destruction through work.
On arrival the Jews would go through a process
called selection.
How was the Final Solution going to be organised?
Jews were to be rounded up and put into transit
camps called Ghettoes
The remaining Jews were to be shipped to
resettlement areas in the East.
The Jews living in these Ghettos were to be used
as a cheap source of labour.
Conditions in the Ghettos were designed to be so
bad that many die whilst the rest would be
willing to leave these areas in the hope of
better conditions
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Children eating in the ghetto streets. Warsaw,
Poland, between 1940 and 1943.
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• Child forced laborer in a ghetto factory. Kovno,
  Lithuania, between 1941 and 1944.

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• An emaciated child eats in the streets of the
  Warsaw ghetto. Warsaw, Poland, between 1940 and
  1943.

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• Deportation of Jewish children from an orphanage.
  Lodz ghetto, Poland, during the "Gehsperre"
  Aktion, September 5-12, 1942.

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• Jewish resistance fighters captured by SS troops
  during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw,
  Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943.

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• Jewish police at a barricaded entrance to the
  Warsaw ghetto. Poland, February 1941.

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• The type of "Aryan" identification card which
  Vladka Meed had used from 1940-1942 on the Aryan
  side of Warsaw, smuggling arms to Jewish fighters
  and helping Jews escape from the ghetto.

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Rape of Nanjing
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Rape of Nanjing

• Japanese killed over 300,000 and raped between
  60,000- 80,000.

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Entrance to Auschwitz
Notice how it has been built to resemble a
railway station
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The Gas Chambers

• The Nazis would force large groups of prisoners
  into small cement rooms and drop canisters of
  Zyklon B, or prussic acid, in its crystal form
  through small holes in the roof.
• These gas chambers were sometimes disguised as
  showers or bathing houses.

The SS would try and pack up to 2000 people into
this gas chamber
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Processing the bodies

• Specially selected Jews known as the
  sonderkommando were used to to remove the gold
  fillings and hair of people who had been gassed.
• The Sonderkommando Jews were also forced to feed
  the dead bodies into the crematorium.

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Dead bodies waiting to be processed
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Destruction Through Work
This photo was taken by the Nazis to show just
how you could quite literally work the fat of the
Jews by feeding them 200 calories a day
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Destruction Through Work
Same group of Jews 6 weeks later
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Nazi War Crimes - WWII
Victims of Dr. Josef Mengele's medical
experiments at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Poland, 1944.

• Nazi physician Carl Clauberg (l)
• performed medical experiments on prisoners in
  Block 10 of the Auschwitz camp.
• Poland, between 1941 and 1944

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Complicity of Non-Nazis

• Complicity of the Church
• Taught that Jews killed Jesus
• If Communion wafers had mould, Jews must have
  killed Jesus again
• Missing children Jews accused of using child
  for Passover ritual
• Complicity of other Nations
• Hitler offered to let Jews go but no country
  wanted them
• None is too many a motto of Canadian
  immigration laws???

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Yad Vashem Jubilee Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes
Remembrance Authority
???"? ???"? 1953 - 2003
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Mount of Remembrance Yad Vashem, Aerial
View January 2003
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