ROME

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ROME

• Unit 6

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The Environment

• The Land
• The Boot Peninsula
• More land for farming than Greece

• Climate
• Similar to Greece
• Maritime climate with warm summers and wet winters

• Bodies of Water
• Po River
• Tiber River
• Adriatic Sea
• Mediterranean Sea

• Mountains
• Apennine Mountain range divides Italy east from
  west.
• Not as mountainous as Greek mountains.

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Carthage
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Why was Rome Successful?

• Romans were great diplomats
• Strict rules rebellions were crushed without
  mercy
• Army was persistent-Even if army-fleet was
  destroyed
• States ran their own internal affairs
• New colonies were connected by roads

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Rome Before Rome

• Etruscans
• Find Rome a village but leave it a city
• Toga
• Army structure

• Greeks
• Cultivated the olive and the vine
• Passed on Phoenician alphabet
• Hellenistic Era has huge impact on Rome. What
  was spread by Alexander again?
• Sculpture, architecture, and literature

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Roman Daily Life

• IN EARLY TIMES
• 600 B.C. to c.1 A.D.
• Tarquin Monarchy Etruscan
• The Twelve Tables
• Patriarchal Society
• Paterfamilias (The dominant male figure) was in
  charge
• Women Take care of house and have kids
• THE IMPERIAL AGE
• c.1 A.D. to C. 500 A.D.
• Women gained more power
• Could Own land
• Could Have Jobs

• The Forum was the main marketplace and business
  center
• Busy place with a lot going on
• Shopping, trading, speaking?
• Like the Greeks, the Romans liked to argue
  persuasively

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The Forum
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Roman Social Classes

• Initially, Patricians and Plebeians could not
  marry one another.
• Both classes could vote but only the patricians
  could hold office.
• Would this be a reason for concern?
• The struggle between these two will drag on for
  centuries, but will eventually lead to political
  gains for the plebeians.

• Patricians
• Wealthy
• Land owners who became Romes ruling class.
• Had power to hold higher office positions
• Plebeians
• Middle/Lower Class
• Small farmers, merchants, craftspeople

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Education in Rome

• School Lessons
• School was not free.
• Reading, Writing and Counting
• Read scrolls - books.
• Wrote on boards covered with wax
• They used pebbles to do math problems.
• Learned Roman numerals
• Recited lessons had to be memorized.

• Moral Lessons
• Education Goal Effective speaking
• A Roman boy's education took place at home.
• Father instructed his sons
• Roman law
• History
• Customs
• Physical training- to prepare for war.
• Obedience to authority and truthfulness were the
  most important lessons to be taught.

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Government

• First, what is the difference between a
• DEMOCRACY REPUBLIC?

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The Rise of the Republic

• Consuls
• Praetors
• Quaestors
• Aediles
• Tribunes of the Plebs
• Censors
• Senate
• Centuriate Assembly
• Council of the Plebs

• Ran government, ran armies
• Administered Laws -Judge-
• Financial director -Treasurer-
• Building and Maintenance
• Duty Protect Plebs-Civil Rights Ex
  (Intermarriage)
• Census of property citizens
• 300 serve for life- advise/pass
• Org. by classes based on wealth. Fixed for
  majority. War?
• Tribune and Council worked together to pass laws
  concerning Plebs.

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Conquest of the Mediterranean

• THE PUNIC WARS
• (264 B.C.- 146 B.C.)
• Between Rome Carthage
• 1st Punic War
• Battle over Sicily
• 2nd Punic War
• Battle for Rome
• 3rd Punic War
• Battle for Carthage

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1st Punic War

• Romans send army to Sicily
• Carthage believes Sicily is theirs
• Fight occurs over Sicily
• Romans -Land Power
• Carthage -Naval Power
• Romans realize the same thing as YOU!
• Romans need a Navy!
• Carthaginian ship washes ashore.
• Romans use design and create their own Navy with
  innovations
• Gangplank Hook on to another ship for soldiers
  to board the opposing ship
• Corvus- Bridge that attached to other ships.
• Romans win- gain Sicily as a province

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2nd 3rd Punic War

• Carthaginian General, Hannibal, seeks revenge
• Hannibal crosses into Spain, through the Alps and
  into Italy.
• Hannibal invades Italy but cant lay siege to the
  city. (Many were lost crossing the Alps)
• Scipio Africanus decides to invade Carthage
  rather than fight Hannibal in Italy.
• Carthage recalls Hannibal
• Hannibal is attacked from multiple directions,
  and is defeated, on the trip home.
• As a result, Rome takes Spain and later would
  take Carthage (3rd Punic War)

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Map of the 2nd Punic War
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Building and Buildings

• Buildings
• The Colosseum was built of concrete
• (an ancient Roman invention)
• Romans create apartments (Insulae)
• Roads
• Instead of building new roads, modern engineers
  simply covered the ancient roads coat of
  asphalt.
• Aqueducts
• As cities grew, the ancient Romans needed more
  fresh water.
• Where aqueducts had to cross valleys, some were
  built above ground, on arches. (The Pont du Gard)
  
• Aqueducts had to be positioned at a relatively
  constant gradient for dozens of miles.
• Imagine trying to build something that drops by
  only 100 feet in 40 miles....

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Aqueducts
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Building and Buildings
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Trajans Forum
112 - 113 A.D.
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The Pantheon
126 A.D.
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Arch of Constantine

• Be familiar with the reforms of these leaders
  toward the end of the chapter.

312 A.D.
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Leaning Tower of Pisa
1173 A.D.
Although intended to stand vertically, the tower
began leaning to the southeast soon after the
onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly
laid foundation that has allowed the foundation
to shift direction.
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Take Home Portion of Test

• Your boss wants to redesign the corporate office
  and has a fondness of Roman architecture. Your
  boss has heard that you have recently been taking
  a class in Ancient Civilizations and decides to
  call upon your expertise!
• Your boss asks you to type an article, using
  Microsoft Publisher, about the abilities and
  achievements of Roman builders and engineers, in
  an effort to learn about optional choices for
  design.

• You overhear a friend of the family tell a young
  student that the United States is a democracy.
• Since you have been taking a class in Ancient
  Rome, you elect to provide the youngster with
  some of your insight.
• You decide to create a paper, using Microsoft
  Publisher, explaining the effects of Roman
  politics on the United States using pictures,
  charts, or graphs.

OR
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Issues in the Roman Senate

• Growing Inequality and Unrest
• As Aristocracy gained more wealth and power, they
  began to drive the small farmers out of business.
• The Aristocracy bought out the small farmers,
  driving many of them out of politics and forming
  a larger class of landless
• Aristocracy controlled most of the Senate
• Two Senators, the Gracchus brothers (Tiberius and
  Gaius), wanted to help the landless poor
• The Plan Ask the council of Plebs to pass laws
  to take back land from the land owners.
• The result The two Senators were assassinated!

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Issues in the Roman Army

• Roman army used to be made up of small farmers
• ThenGenerals began recruiting volunteers for the
  army promising them land in return of service
• The strategy forced generals to get involved in
  politics to authorize these promises
• The new system gave generals
• much more power.
• This newfound power encouraged generals to take
  matters into their own hands.

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The Fall of the Republic
Competition between leaders and civil war lead
to the fall of the Republic Three Leaders Emerge

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Results of the First Triumvirate

• Crassus- Gets killed in battle
• Pompey vs. Caesar
• Senators support Pompey because they believe he
  is less of a threat to their power.
• Caesar crosses the Rubicon
• Pompey- Gets overrun by Caesar
• Caesar- Becomes dictator later to be slain by a
  loyal senator
• Brutus

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The Second Triumvirate
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The Birth of the Empire

• Lepidus- falls out of the running
• Conflict between Antony and Octavian
• Antony allies w/ Cleopatra They lose and commit
  suicide
• Octavian becomes Augustus (the revered), and the
  imperator (emperor), and the princeps (the first
  citizen), and the pontifex maximus (head of state
  religion)

Cleopatra Antony From the Movie Cleopatra ?
Augustus ?
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Key Roman Leaders and Brief History

• Augustus
• New political system Emperor selects successor.
• Emperors, overtime, took power away from Senate.
• Tiberius
• Germanicus Caligula
• Nero
• Vespasian
• PAX ROMANA
• (Peace and Prosperity)
• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Marcus Aurelius
• OTHERS
• Caracalla
• Constantine
• Two Slides coming up

30 or 33 AD - Jesus crucified.-The teachings of
Jesus outrage religious leaders, but also
threatens to disrupt the fragile political
stability imposed by Rome. -Jesus is arrested in
Jerusalem by the Jewish authorities on a charge
of treason and political subversion, and is
handed over to the Roman Governor, Pontius
Pilate. -Although Pilate is willing to release
him, fears of a riot and political repercussions
compels him to send Jesus to his death.
80 AD - Colosseum completed.The Colosseum,
started by Vespasian in 72 AD, is completed by
Titus. It holds more than 50,000 spectators. The
games held at its inauguration last for 100 days
and nights, during which time some 5,000 animals
are slaughtered.
TRAJAN 98-11798 AD - Nerva's death and
succession.Roman generals co-operate for the
first time to choose the next emperor. They force
Nerva to adopt an acceptable heir from outside
his own family. The result is resoundingly
successful, as a Spanish-born Senator and general
named Trajan becomes emperor.
HADRIAN 117-138117 AD Hadrians Reign.While
most Roman Emperors spent time and effort
building and expanding the Roman Empire, Hadrian
spent time attempting to preserve it. To prevent
barbarian invasions, Hadrian ordered the
construction of a , but the wall itself may have
served more of a propaganda purpose than actual
defense.
MARCUS AURELIUS 161-180 ADFamous emperor from
the movie Gladiator. Based on a true character,
his death ends the Pax Romana Period. The Pax
Romana period marks a time of peace and
prosperity. Based on the movie, his son,
Commodus, does emerge as the next emperor of Rome.
CARACALLA 211 - 217 ADCaracalla will kill his
very own brother Geta, to assume the sole role of
emperor. Caracalla engineered one of the last
great architectural feats The Baths of
Caracalla. Caracalla will eventually be
assassinated by one of his own officers in the
imperial guard while urinating at a roadside. It
is said that the guards brother was executed a
few days earlier by Caracallas orders.
DIOCLETIAN 284 - 305 ADDiocletian will pass
many reforms that enable the Roman Empire to
remain intact for the next one hundred years.
Some of these reforms included economics,
governement, and military, but the most important
would be the splitting up of leadership within
the empire into East and West sections. This in
turn created the beginnings of what we have come
to know as the Eastern and Western Roman Empire.
17 AD - Germanicus secures Rhine
frontier.-After a hard three-year campaign, the
General Germanicus secures the Rhine frontier.
-He is recalled to Rome by Tiberius and given a
magnificent triumph to mark his military
achievement.
TIBERIUS ERA (14-37)14 AD - The death of
Augustus and succession.-Augustus dies and
Tiberius is named emperor. -Tiberius brings with
him a stern, defiant sense of duty. -His motto
is "Let them hate me, provided they approve of
what I do."
19 AD -Germanicus dies.-Germanicus dies,
possibly murdered. Despite the lack of evidence,
his widow, -Agrippina the Elder, is convinced
that Tiberius poisoned him and wages a relentless
vendetta against the emperor. -History suggests
possible motives for Tiberius, including jealousy
and fear.
CALIGULA ERA (37-41) 37 AD - Tiberius' death
and succession-Gaius Caesar is named emperor.
-He is known as Caligula, or 'little boots' - a
nickname given to him as a boy by the soldiers of
his father, Germanicus, because of the small army
boots he once wore.
41 AD - Caligula's murder and succession.Caligula
's cruel tyranny provokes huge opposition and
many plots. Although he tries to crush them, new
plots replace those he has discovered. After his
murder, his uncle, Claudius, is discovered in the
palace hiding behind a curtain. Soldiers carry
him off to their camp where they persuade him to
become the new emperor.
46-57 AD - Paul spreads the Christian
message.Saul of Tarsus is one of the fiercest
persecutors of Christians until, one day, he has
an extraordinary conversion while on the road to
Damascus. Using his Latin name, Paul, he becomes
the champion of the faith, traveling the length
and breadth of the empire carrying the Christian
message to the Roman world.
48 AD - Murder of Messalina.Messalina, wife of
Claudius, is accused of conspiring against her
husband and executed.
49 AD - Claudius remarries.Claudius marries
Agrippina the Younger, mother of Nero, on New
Year's Day. She persuades Claudius to adopt her
son
NERO ERA (54-68)54 AD - Claudius dies. Nero
named emperor.Agrippina is happy to use murder
as a way to win her battles. Many historical
sources accuse her of killing Claudius with a
plate of poisoned mushrooms, thereby enabling
Nero to take the throne as emperor.
59 AD - Nero orders murder of his mother,
Agrippina the Younger.Nero is concerned that
Agrippina has too much power. After several
failed attempts on her life, he sends men to
charge her with treason and execute her. Legend
says that when the emperor's soldiers came to
kill her, Agrippina pulled back her clothes and
ordered them to stab her in the belly that had
housed such a monstrous son.
64 AD - The Great Fire of Rome.The Great Fire of
Rome begins on July 18 and lasts for six days and
seven nights. Of Rome's 14 districts only four
remain untouched. Rumors circulate that Nero had
been singing and dancing while Rome burned. In
order to divert attention away from himself, Nero
blames the Christians. He orders some to be
thrown to the lions many others are crucified.
65 AD - Plots against Nero.Nero discovers power
conspiracies against him. Increasingly alone and
paranoid, Nero kicks his wife to death while she
is pregnant and ill. Reportedly, this is for
complaining that he came home late from the
races.
68 AD - Nero's death and succession.Support for
Nero is dwindling and he is declared a public
enemy by the Senate, meaning anyone can kill him
without being punished. Terrified, and abandoned
by everyone, except a few of his slaves, Nero
flees to the country. There he commits suicide,
ending the dynasty of Augustus.
http//www.pbs.org/empires/romans/special/timeline
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Constantine 306-337 A.D.

• Background
• Christianity
• Persecution of Christians
• Roman Mythology
• Pontius Pilate Jesus

• Constantine vs. Maxentius
• Maxentius (co-emperor, brother-in-law)
• Crucial Battle of the Milvian Bridge
• Constantine out-numbered
• Sees a vision of Christ/God
• In this sign you shall be the victors
• Orders the symbol of Christ upon army shields
• Constantine wins ? Converts to Christianity

Chi-Rho 1st two letters in the Greek Spelling of
Christ
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Results of Constantines Conversion

• Christians safe from Persecution
• Exposure of all his subjects in Roman Empire
• Sunday, Official Roman holiday for church
  attendance.
• Church/state should be as close as possible
• Byzantium becomes New Rome and then
  Constantinople
• Then Istanbul (Present day city in Turkey)

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The Fall of the Western Empire

• Numerous Theories
• Christianitys emphasis on a spiritual kingdom
  weakened Roman military values
• Traditional Roman values declined as non-Italians
  gained prominence in the empire
• Lead poisoning through laden water pipes and cups
  caused a mental decline
• The plague wiped out the population
• Rome failed to advance technologically because of
  slavery
• Rome was unable to put together a workable
  political system
• When did it end and how?
• The Huns put pressure on a group called
  Visigoths. Visigoths had no where to go but to
  the west
• Eventually, the Visigoths sack Rome in 410A.D.
• The official date of decline was 476 A.D.

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