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1
I think, that we all must support the Solvay
Indupa activities with bio-PVC it shows, that 1.
we can produce PVC also from renewables (as was
done since many years in India by Sanmargroup)
and PVC does need less bio-ethylene than other
plastics (44!) instead of 100 in bio-PE. 2. in
some countries this is economically viable, in
others not. 3. all polymers can be produced from
such renewable materials. But we are also aware,
that 4. this bio-ethylene ("1st generation
bio-ethylene") is produced from sugar and starch,
which is in competition to food production and
does increase the price for such ressources
("tortilla crisis in Mexico Price for tortillas
was increasing a lot, so that poor people could
much less afford to eat than without such a
competition"). This is a socially very negative
point and is attacked by "Greens". But we should
also clearly say, that this negative effect on
food price is mainly due to the high demand of
bio-ethanole as substitute or addition in
gasoline for cars (also the German governement
want 10 bio-ethanole in future fuels) compared
to this bio-ethanole for plastics is a minor
quantity. And PVC again is in this social
category very positive, since it has low life
cycle cost, is thus available for poorer people
and societies (medical care, building, water
supply etc.). 5. This negative point will be
improved in the future by using bio-ethylene of
"2nd generation", produced by the whole plant,
and not only by the parts used for food. This
"2nd generation bio-ethylene " will be better
than normal ethylene by life cycle analysis
(mainly from energy demand and greenhouse gas
emissions), will influence food production much
less, will need much less land, will perhaps be a
possibility also for Europe, etc.. 6. The very
specific situation in Brazil (some specific
numbers given by Helmut Leitner, Solvay), totally
different from Europe Petrobras forecasts
bio-fuels use will increase from 5 to 25 due to
their participation in the world fuels
consumption by 2020 pushed high up by Kyoto
protocol and oil availability. USA is the biggest
world producer with 24,6 M m3 expected for this
year (20 growth) from 121 refineries.
Consumption is expected to 26 M m3 with little
imports limited by tax barrier Brazil is the
second world producer with 20 M m3 expected for
this year (14). Consumption is expected to 17,3
M m3 and export to 2,7 M m3 limited by export
barriers and lack of infrastructures Unica
(Brarzilian sugar cane producers association)
forecasts a production of 36 M m3 in 2012 of
which only 25 M m3 will be for internal
consumption while 11 M m3 should be exported
mainly to Japan and Europe. Petrobras starts, in
association with Mitsui, an ambitious program in
building 40 alcohol refineries, 5 of which will
be operating in 2009 for a total capacity of 1 M
m3. This capacity should be exported through a
network of new Petrobras alcohol pipeline (The
Solvay Indupa demand is only some 0.05 M
m3!) The size of Brazil is Millions of hectares
Area Percentage Brazil
851 100 Arable area
383 45 Available for expansion
91 11 (24 of arable
land) sugarcane area for Ethanol 3
0,35 (0,8 of arable land !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)
The area for sugarcane is in the southeast of
Brazil (not too far from Sao Paolo) and NOT in
the Amazonian area Solvay Indupa's work can
therefor be seen and respected as a big step in
further improving these very green activities.
(The dioxin-problem of Solvay Indupa from 1999
mentioned in "Neues Deutschland" (if factually
correct) has nothing to do with this "Green PVC"
or with PVC in general.)

• CPD (Construction products directive) Indoor Air
  
• Dr. Rüdiger Baunemann, PlasticsEurope, Frankfurt
  is involved much in the topic!
• How to measure indoor air pollution? Here the
  AgBB-scheme
• The AgBB schemeDegassing in a closed cell (23C,
  defined air exchange, ..)Measurement of degassed
  substances after 3 and 28 daysAssessement for
  toxicity of known and unknown substances above 5
  ug/m3
• Question Which carcinogens? EU-67/548/EWG cat 1
  and 2
• More details http//www.umweltbundesamt.de/baupro
  dukte/agbb.htm

2
I think, that we all must support the Solvay
Indupa activities with bio-PVC it shows, that 1.
we can produce PVC also from renewables (as was
done since many years in India by Sanmargroup)
and PVC does need less bio-ethylene than other
plastics (44!) instead of 100 in bio-PE. 2. in
some countries this is economically viable, in
others not. 3. all polymers can be produced from
such renewable materials. But we are also aware,
that 4. this bio-ethylene ("1st generation
bio-ethylene") is produced from sugar and starch,
which is in competition to food production and
does increase the price for such ressources
("tortilla crisis in Mexico Price for tortillas
was increasing a lot, so that poor people could
much less afford to eat than without such a
competition"). This is a socially very negative
point and is attacked by "Greens". But we should
also clearly say, that this negative effect on
food price is mainly due to the high demand of
bio-ethanole as substitute or addition in
gasoline for cars (also the German governement
want 10 bio-ethanole in future fuels) compared
to this bio-ethanole for plastics is a minor
quantity. And PVC again is in this social
category very positive, since it has low life
cycle cost, is thus available for poorer people
and societies (medical care, building, water
supply etc.). 5. This negative point will be
improved in the future by using bio-ethylene of
"2nd generation", produced by the whole plant,
and not only by the parts used for food. This
"2nd generation bio-ethylene " will be better
than normal ethylene by life cycle analysis
(mainly from energy demand and greenhouse gas
emissions), will influence food production much
less, will need much less land, will perhaps be a
possibility also for Europe, etc.. 6. The very
specific situation in Brazil (some specific
numbers given by Helmut Leitner, Solvay), totally
different from Europe Petrobras forecasts
bio-fuels use will increase from 5 to 25 due to
their participation in the world fuels
consumption by 2020 pushed high up by Kyoto
protocol and oil availability. USA is the biggest
world producer with 24,6 M m3 expected for this
year (20 growth) from 121 refineries.
Consumption is expected to 26 M m3 with little
imports limited by tax barrier Brazil is the
second world producer with 20 M m3 expected for
this year (14). Consumption is expected to 17,3
M m3 and export to 2,7 M m3 limited by export
barriers and lack of infrastructures Unica
(Brarzilian sugar cane producers association)
forecasts a production of 36 M m3 in 2012 of
which only 25 M m3 will be for internal
consumption while 11 M m3 should be exported
mainly to Japan and Europe. Petrobras starts, in
association with Mitsui, an ambitious program in
building 40 alcohol refineries, 5 of which will
be operating in 2009 for a total capacity of 1 M
m3. This capacity should be exported through a
network of new Petrobras alcohol pipeline (The
Solvay Indupa demand is only some 0.05 M
m3!) The size of Brazil is Millions of hectares
Area Percentage Brazil
851 100 Arable area
383 45 Available for expansion
91 11 (24 of arable
land) sugarcane area for Ethanol 3
0,35 (0,8 of arable land !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)
The area for sugarcane is in the southeast of
Brazil (not too far from Sao Paolo) and NOT in
the Amazonian area Solvay Indupa's work can
therefor be seen and respected as a big step in
further improving these very green activities.
(The dioxin-problem of Solvay Indupa from 1999
mentioned in "Neues Deutschland" (if factually
correct) has nothing to do with this "Green PVC"
or with PVC in general.)
3. Some PVC-specific results (high surface per
volume products) 3.1 Wallcoverings from two PVC
coverings
Criterium Result Accepted limit Product acceptable?
TVOC 3d 1,662/0,121 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 Yes
Carcinogens 3d lt0,001 mg/m3 0,01 mg/m3 Yes
TVOC 28d 0,024/0,006 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 Yes
SVOC 28d lt0,001/0,003 mg/m3 0,1 mg/m3 Yes
Carcinogens 28d lt0,001 mg/m3 0,001 mg/m3 Yes
NIK-assessable substances 28d 0,36/0,0 1 Yes
Non assessable substances 28d 0,005/0,003 mg/m3 0,1 mg/m3 Yes
3
I think, that we all must support the Solvay
Indupa activities with bio-PVC it shows, that 1.
we can produce PVC also from renewables (as was
done since many years in India by Sanmargroup)
and PVC does need less bio-ethylene than other
plastics (44!) instead of 100 in bio-PE. 2. in
some countries this is economically viable, in
others not. 3. all polymers can be produced from
such renewable materials. But we are also aware,
that 4. this bio-ethylene ("1st generation
bio-ethylene") is produced from sugar and starch,
which is in competition to food production and
does increase the price for such ressources
("tortilla crisis in Mexico Price for tortillas
was increasing a lot, so that poor people could
much less afford to eat than without such a
competition"). This is a socially very negative
point and is attacked by "Greens". But we should
also clearly say, that this negative effect on
food price is mainly due to the high demand of
bio-ethanole as substitute or addition in
gasoline for cars (also the German governement
want 10 bio-ethanole in future fuels) compared
to this bio-ethanole for plastics is a minor
quantity. And PVC again is in this social
category very positive, since it has low life
cycle cost, is thus available for poorer people
and societies (medical care, building, water
supply etc.). 5. This negative point will be
improved in the future by using bio-ethylene of
"2nd generation", produced by the whole plant,
and not only by the parts used for food. This
"2nd generation bio-ethylene " will be better
than normal ethylene by life cycle analysis
(mainly from energy demand and greenhouse gas
emissions), will influence food production much
less, will need much less land, will perhaps be a
possibility also for Europe, etc.. 6. The very
specific situation in Brazil (some specific
numbers given by Helmut Leitner, Solvay), totally
different from Europe Petrobras forecasts
bio-fuels use will increase from 5 to 25 due to
their participation in the world fuels
consumption by 2020 pushed high up by Kyoto
protocol and oil availability. USA is the biggest
world producer with 24,6 M m3 expected for this
year (20 growth) from 121 refineries.
Consumption is expected to 26 M m3 with little
imports limited by tax barrier Brazil is the
second world producer with 20 M m3 expected for
this year (14). Consumption is expected to 17,3
M m3 and export to 2,7 M m3 limited by export
barriers and lack of infrastructures Unica
(Brarzilian sugar cane producers association)
forecasts a production of 36 M m3 in 2012 of
which only 25 M m3 will be for internal
consumption while 11 M m3 should be exported
mainly to Japan and Europe. Petrobras starts, in
association with Mitsui, an ambitious program in
building 40 alcohol refineries, 5 of which will
be operating in 2009 for a total capacity of 1 M
m3. This capacity should be exported through a
network of new Petrobras alcohol pipeline (The
Solvay Indupa demand is only some 0.05 M
m3!) The size of Brazil is Millions of hectares
Area Percentage Brazil
851 100 Arable area
383 45 Available for expansion
91 11 (24 of arable
land) sugarcane area for Ethanol 3
0,35 (0,8 of arable land !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)
The area for sugarcane is in the southeast of
Brazil (not too far from Sao Paolo) and NOT in
the Amazonian area Solvay Indupa's work can
therefor be seen and respected as a big step in
further improving these very green activities.
(The dioxin-problem of Solvay Indupa from 1999
mentioned in "Neues Deutschland" (if factually
correct) has nothing to do with this "Green PVC"
or with PVC in general.)
3. Some PVC-specific results (high surface per
volume products) 3.2 PVC floorings (homogen,
heterogen, CV, linoleum)
Criterium Result Accepted limit Product acceptable?
TVOC 3d 0,006/0,7/0,12/0,5 /3,8/0,3 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 Yes
Carcinogens 3d lt0,001 mg/m3 0,01 mg/m3 Yes
TVOC 28d 0/0,4/0,09/0,2 /0,16/0,12 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 Yes
SVOC 28d 0/0/0/0/0/0 mg/m3 0,1 mg/m3 Yes
Carcinogens 28d lt0,001 mg/m3 0,001 mg/m3 Yes
NIK-assessable substances 28d 0/0,6/0,13/0,05/0/0,24 1 Yes
Non assessable substances 28d 0/0/0/0,03/0/0,07 mg/m3 0,1 mg/m3 Yes
4
I think, that we all must support the Solvay
Indupa activities with bio-PVC it shows, that 1.
we can produce PVC also from renewables (as was
done since many years in India by Sanmargroup)
and PVC does need less bio-ethylene than other
plastics (44!) instead of 100 in bio-PE. 2. in
some countries this is economically viable, in
others not. 3. all polymers can be produced from
such renewable materials. But we are also aware,
that 4. this bio-ethylene ("1st generation
bio-ethylene") is produced from sugar and starch,
which is in competition to food production and
does increase the price for such ressources
("tortilla crisis in Mexico Price for tortillas
was increasing a lot, so that poor people could
much less afford to eat than without such a
competition"). This is a socially very negative
point and is attacked by "Greens". But we should
also clearly say, that this negative effect on
food price is mainly due to the high demand of
bio-ethanole as substitute or addition in
gasoline for cars (also the German governement
want 10 bio-ethanole in future fuels) compared
to this bio-ethanole for plastics is a minor
quantity. And PVC again is in this social
category very positive, since it has low life
cycle cost, is thus available for poorer people
and societies (medical care, building, water
supply etc.). 5. This negative point will be
improved in the future by using bio-ethylene of
"2nd generation", produced by the whole plant,
and not only by the parts used for food. This
"2nd generation bio-ethylene " will be better
than normal ethylene by life cycle analysis
(mainly from energy demand and greenhouse gas
emissions), will influence food production much
less, will need much less land, will perhaps be a
possibility also for Europe, etc.. 6. The very
specific situation in Brazil (some specific
numbers given by Helmut Leitner, Solvay), totally
different from Europe Petrobras forecasts
bio-fuels use will increase from 5 to 25 due to
their participation in the world fuels
consumption by 2020 pushed high up by Kyoto
protocol and oil availability. USA is the biggest
world producer with 24,6 M m3 expected for this
year (20 growth) from 121 refineries.
Consumption is expected to 26 M m3 with little
imports limited by tax barrier Brazil is the
second world producer with 20 M m3 expected for
this year (14). Consumption is expected to 17,3
M m3 and export to 2,7 M m3 limited by export
barriers and lack of infrastructures Unica
(Brarzilian sugar cane producers association)
forecasts a production of 36 M m3 in 2012 of
which only 25 M m3 will be for internal
consumption while 11 M m3 should be exported
mainly to Japan and Europe. Petrobras starts, in
association with Mitsui, an ambitious program in
building 40 alcohol refineries, 5 of which will
be operating in 2009 for a total capacity of 1 M
m3. This capacity should be exported through a
network of new Petrobras alcohol pipeline (The
Solvay Indupa demand is only some 0.05 M
m3!) The size of Brazil is Millions of hectares
Area Percentage Brazil
851 100 Arable area
383 45 Available for expansion
91 11 (24 of arable
land) sugarcane area for Ethanol 3
0,35 (0,8 of arable land !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)
The area for sugarcane is in the southeast of
Brazil (not too far from Sao Paolo) and NOT in
the Amazonian area Solvay Indupa's work can
therefor be seen and respected as a big step in
further improving these very green activities.
(The dioxin-problem of Solvay Indupa from 1999
mentioned in "Neues Deutschland" (if factually
correct) has nothing to do with this "Green PVC"
or with PVC in general.)

• 4. Conclusions
• No carcinogens detected
• Modern PVC-recipes can pass limit values
• Products with high surface area (most critical)
  pass limit values
• VOCs after 28 days strongly reduced
• For good products measurements after 3 days are
  sufficient (criteria for end ofmeasurement
  possible)