Anatomy

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Anatomy the study of the structure of an
organism and/or its parts
Body Systems
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Physiology?

• the study of what structures do.

Muscle contraction
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Homeostasis the foundation of physiology

• - maintenance of a steady state condition.
• - the sum of all processes is called

Why is homeostasis important?
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Homeostasis involves thousands of chemicals and
their reactions
Can you think of any other chemicals that are in
our bodies which help maintain our steady state
??
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How do these chemical exchanges/reactions take
place??

• What are the 2 environments which are important
  in maintaining homeostasis?
• External environment internal environment

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What would happen if homeostasis were not
maintained??

• Sickness and eventual death of the organism

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Levels of Body Structure
What is an Organ System?
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Organ System -

• Multiple organs that together perform a vital
  body function.
• What level of structure is higher than an organ
  system?
• The whole organism!
• What are some organ systems that you can think
  of? There are 12 !

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Integumentary System

• Largest organ yet only about 2mm thick!
• Epidermis outer most layer dead cells
• Melanin bottom region of the epidermis cells
  are alive and give skin its color
• Dermis- skin layer below the epidermis, supports
  the epidermis
• Hypodermis- tissue layer below the dermis which
  contains adipose tissue (fat-storing cells and
  blood vessels)

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Skeletal System

• Provides strong framework and maintains body
  shape.
• The backbone (spinal cord) consists of vertebra
  and cartilage.
• Included in this system is ligaments
• Bones contain tissue called marrow.

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Muscular System

• Many different kinds of muscles (i.e. skeletal,
  cardiac, smooth, etc.)
• Included in the system are tendons (connective
  tissue which holds muscle to bone)

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Digestive System

• Breaks down food to enable nutrient absorption.
• Needed for re-absorption of water in the body.
• Consists of multiple organs

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Circulatory System

• Circulation, transportation and distribution of
  materials.
• What kind of materials???

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Respiratory System

• Allows gas exchange because cellular respiration
  requires..

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Nervous System

• Allows the body to sense, feel and coordinate its
  movement.
• Consist of many different kinds of neurons which
  serve different purposes.

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Lymphatic System

• Collects and returns most of the blood which
  leaves the circulatory system into the
  interstitial tissue.
• This collected fluid is called lymph

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Immune System

• Protects the organism against disease
• Acts as a line of defense against pathogens

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Endocrine System

• Endocrine glands secrete regulatory hormones
  (gt40).
• These hormones maintain homeostasis
• What are some examples of hormones and what they
  regulate?

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Excretory System

• Eliminates metabolic waste
• Regulates the intake and loss of water
• Role in homeostasis?

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Reproductive System producing offspring is
necessary for survival of the species
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Major systems in animals
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Digestive System Nutrition (Ch. 29)

• What is the purpose of the digestive system?
• How does it accomplish this?
• What are the 2 types of digestion which take
  place in us?
• Mechanical- the physical breaking down of food.
• Chemical- the breaking down of the chemical bonds
  of larger molecules to produce smaller molecules
  which our body can absorb.

Types of Digestion video
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Nutrition Heterotrophic creatures must obtain
materials for energy and synthesis
4 Stages of food processing Ingestion Digestion
Absorption Elimination Is this true in humans as
well?
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• Alimentary Canal Systems tube-within-a-tube
  body plan
• Ingested food enters mouth and is digested
  extracellularly in the organs of the systems.
• The end products of digestion are absorbed into
  transport system.

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Human Digestive System
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Mouth Ingestion and mechanical digestion when
food is chewed Mechanical digestion increases
surface area Chemical digestion of starches due
to amylase in the saliva
Digestion in Mouth video
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Swallowing Reflex How is the food kept out of
trachea?
Esophagus peristalsis pushes food down no
enzymes here only mucous.
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Stomach Begins digestion of protein with
protease enzymes. Gastric juice contains
hydrochloric acid (pH 2-3) Malfunctions
Heartburn and Ulcers
What happens in the Stomach video
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Small Intestine begins with the Duodenum Bile
made by liver is stored in the gall bladder.
Emulsify fats. Pancreas releases bicarbonate
which neutralizes acidic chyme Pancreas adds many
enzymes to the small intestine.
What Happens in the Small Intestine video
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Small Intestine Complete chemical digestion with
enzymes. Villi provide high surface area for
absorption of digested nutrients
Role of Circulation video
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Large Intestine absorption of fluids released
into alimentary canal. Home to symbiotic
bacteria (E. coli). Malfunctions diarrhea and
constipation Appendix is vestigial Rectum
storage of feces
What Happens in the Large Intestine video
Final Stages video
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Enzymes of the digestive system
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Malfunctions of the Digestive System Ulcers
erosion of the surface of the alimentary
canal Constipation too much water is
reabsorbed and solid waste hardens, elimination
is difficult Diarrhea decreased water
re-absorption and increased peristaltic activity
in the large intestine. Results in increased,
multiple, watery feces. Dehydration possible
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Digestive System Accessory Organs Appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix due to
infection Gallstones accumulation of hardened
cholesterol and/or calcium deposits in the gall
bladder.
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NUTRITION

• Why is nutrition important to an organism?

Why do we eat?
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Essential Nutrients required materials animals
must consume Why must we consume them? What
happens when your diet is deficient in these
nutrients?
Carbohydrate roughage, starch and sugars Fats
fatty acids, cholesterol Proteins amino
acids Vitamins coenzymes, water and fat soluble
Minerals Water
Maintain a Healthy Body video
Closer Look at Nutrients Video
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Eating disorders and their effects

• Malnutrition deficiencies of essential
  nutrients. Ex lack of Vit. C -gt..?
• Undernutrition not enough calories/food energy
  in diet
• Obesity being seriously overweight can increase
  your risk of.
• Eating Disorders Bulimia, anorexia, binge/purge
  can ultimately result in .

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Integumentary System (skin .)

• Epidermis outermost layer mostly dead cells
• Melanin- pigment containing cells which are found
  in the bottom-most layer of epidermis
• Dermis-supports the epidermis mostly
  made of fibrous connective tissue (elasticity)
  contains hair follicles, nerve endings, sweat
  glands, blood vessels
• Hypodermis-contains adipose tissue which includes
  fat storage and blood vessels

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Integumentary System

• Hair and Nails also part of this system made
  of keratin.
• How does your hair maintain homeostasis?
• Protects head from UV radiation from the sun
• Provides layer of insulation from changing
  outside temps
• Are there any other functions of hair?

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Integumentary System

• How is the skin important ?
• Physical barrier against dirt and microorganisms
  entering the body
• Acts as insulation (layers!)
• Cushions internal organs against injury
• Maintains homeostasis by regulating body
  temperature and water content

Is this system foolproof??
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Skeletal System

• Bones are organs made up of living connective
  tissue!
• Bone matrix (giving bones rigidity) is made up of
  collagen, calcium and phosphate.

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Skeletal System

• Marrow cells found inside large bones yellow
  marrow (fat storage-energy supply), red marrow
  (new blood cells).
• Ligaments strong fibrous connective tissue
  holding 2 bones in a movable joint together.
• Cartilage softer than bone offers cushioning
  protection where 2 bones come together.

Bones and Cartilage
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Skeletal System

• Movable joints
• Pivot joint where one bone can rotate around
  another
• Ball socket joint enables a bone to rotate
  back and forth and side to side allows greatest
  range of motion
• Gliding joint allows bending and flexing
  movement
• Hinge joint allows only back and forth movement

Can you think of some examples of these types of
joints?
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Skeletal System Disorders

• arthritis inflammation joints become swollen,
  stiff and sore
• rheumatoid arthritis is an immune system
  disorder
• osteoporosis bones become thinner, porous and
  brittle.
• Consume calcium now!!!

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Muscular System
Works in conjunction with the skeletal system
(connected to bone by tendons) Why is this
system important for us?
Muscular System
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Allows LOCOMOTION
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Muscular System

• Muscles can only pull cannot push
• Muscles work in pairs-antagonistically
• Triceps relaxed and biceps contracted.

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Muscular System

• Muscle fiber is made of smaller units called
  myofibrils
• Myofibrils are made up of repeating units called
  sarcomeres.
• Sarcomeres are the basic unit of action-it is the
  unit that contracts and is made up of 2 kinds of
  filaments thin (actin) and thick (myosin)

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Muscle Contraction

• As sarcomeres shorten, the muscle contracts.

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End of Chapter 27

• Review ?