USSR and the Cold War' You also need this for soviet f'p' history after 1945

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USSR and the Cold War. You also need this for
soviet f.p. history after 1945
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After my death in 1953 there were 5 leaders of
the USSR Some more memorable than others
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September 1953 October 1964
Bay of Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis
End of Korean War
Hot line set up
Hungarian Uprising
Berlin Wall
Nikita Khrushchev
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October 1964 November 1982
Leonid Brezhnev
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Supporter of Khrushchev
Remained outwardly loyal but got involved in 1963
plot to get rid of Khrushchev
Became Party First Secretary on October 14 1964
April 1966 took the title General Secretary
Stalins title
During Khrushchev's time in office he had been
very critical of Stalin
In 1965 made a speech praising Stalin
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Cultural policy became more repressive
First such trials since Stalins death
1966, writers Yuri Daniel and Andrei Sinyavsky
were placed on trial
KGB under leadership of Andropov regained much of
power it had enjoyed under Stalin
I had the right to intervene to safeguard
socialism
First threat to his leadership came with the
Czechoslovakian uprising of 1968
This becomes known as the Brezhnev Doctrine
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Relations with China continued to deteriorate
following the Sino Soviet Split 1960
In 1965 Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai visited Moscow
for discussions, but there was no resolution of
the conflict..
In 1969 Soviet and Chinese troops fought a series
of clashes along their border on the Ussuri
River. Brezhnev also continued Soviet support for
North Vietnam in the Vietnam War.
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Frightened by the fact that America and China
were getting on so well and fearful that they
would ally against him Brezhnev began
negotiations with the US
May 1972, Richard Nixon visited Moscow and signed
SALT I
This marked the beginning of Detente
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
In May 1973 Brezhnev visited W. Germany
The Paris Peace Accords of January 1973 saw the
official end to the Vietnam War. This war had
been a major source of conflict between the USSR
and the USA
In June 1973 Brezhnev made a State Visit to the
USA
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Linkage
My visit to China in February 1972 worried the
Russians, and made them want to get on with us
Trade agreements were signed during my visit in
May 1972. The USA promised to lend The USSR money
to buy high technology goods
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The Yom Kipper War in 1973 put a strain upon USSR
USA relations
The US Congress insisted that there should be no
trade unless the Russians allowed more Jews to
emigrate to Israel
Loans were limited to 300,00,000
The Russians were angered by the Linkage of trade
and Jewish emigration feeling that it was none of
the Americans business.
The agreement was cancelled in January 1975
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SALT I signed in 1973
Detente
Visit by Brezhnev to W Germany May 1973
Visit by Brezhnev to USA in June 1973
Signing of the Helsinki Final Act 1975
recognised Post WW2 boundaries- soviet control of
E Europe recognised by treaty
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Helsinki
Talks had begun in Vienna to try and achieve
Mutual Balanced Force Reductions
MBFR
An attempt to reduce the number of troops both
sides had stationed in Europe
By 1983, there had been nearly 300 talk sessions.
Nothing had been achieved
In 1973, the talks moved to Helsinki
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The idea was to prepare for a Conference on
Security and cooperation in Europe
CSCE
Conference attended by USA, USSR, Canada, GB and
every European nation except Albania
X
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RECOGNITION OF THE EXISTING FRONTIERS OF EUROPE
COOPERATION WITH EACH OTHER ECONOMICALLY
HELSINKI
Another example of Linkage between Détente and
USSRs good behaviour
GUARANTEE HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES
All sides would meet again in Belgrade in 1977 to
review this agreement
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Under my rule The USSR reached the peak of its
political power with the USA
SALT I gave us parity with USA over Nuclear
Weapons
Using Cuba as a cover we sent arms to Angola and
to the Ethiopia Somalia War
Helsinki agreement gave us legitimate control
over Eastern Europe
We extended our political and diplomatic
influence in the Middle East and Africa
Defeat of USA in Vietnam and the Watergate
Scandal made US weaker against us
Under Sergei Gorshkov our Navy became a global
force
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I became increasingly concerned with Foreign
Affairs and ignored the fact that my country was
suffering from severe economic problems
Me and Jimmy Carter signed SALT 2 in June 1979
My period as ruler of Russia has been criticised
as a long period of stagnation
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Determined to take the focus away from the
failing Russian economy, I decided to invade
Afghanistan in December 1979. This proved to be a
fatal mistake
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Decision to invade not made by the Politburo but
by Brezhnevs inner circle
It led to the sudden end to the Détente Era
The US imposed a Grain embargo which seriously
hurt the failing Russian Economy
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My Legacy
Criticised for doing nothing about the Soviet
Economy
According to some the Invasion of Afghanistan is
THE event which brought the Soviet Union down
Under him the soviet political structure was
allowed to decline
His personal vanity was criticised
BUT Russia under Brezhnev reached the height of
world power never seen before
Russia had never seen such internal calm
He was a skilled international negotiator, and
got good deals for Russia ie Helsinki
He didnt create Russias problems, he inherited
them and did nothing about them
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November 1982 February 1984
Cold War tensions increased with the downing by
Soviet fighters of a civilian jet liner that
strayed over the USSR on September 1, 1983
Played an important part in the invasion of
Hungary in 1956
Made proposals to Limit range of Intermediate
missiles
Appalled by the Election of Pope John Paul II in
1978 believing it to be a plot by the West
Thatcher and Reagan ignored them talks
suspended Nov 1983
Former head of the KGB, picked over Cherenko to
be leader after Brezhnevs death
Attempted to root out corruption in the Communist
Party
Continued the war with Afghanistan
Made attempts to improve the economy
Yuri Andropov
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February 1984 March 1985
Negotiated a trade pact with China
Prevented E. German Leader Honecker going to W
Germany
Replaced Andropov despite fears about his ill
health
Paid more attention to public opinion
Seen by many as an interim leader while
conservatives and reformers fought it out
Invested in consumer goods Public services and
Agriculture
Dragged out of hospital bed to vote and prove to
West he was still alive
His election to power saw a return to the hard
line Policies of Brezhnev
The KGB repression of Soviet dissidents increased
Cold War got colder while he was in charge
Chernenko
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March 1985 December 25 1991
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First leader to be born after the Revolution of
1917
At 54 he was the youngest ruler of Russia
Tried to reform the stagnation of the party and
economy
Introduced Glasnost, Perestroika and Uskorenie
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Glasnost - openness
Perestroika - Restructuring
Uskorenie - Acceleration
Introduced at the 27th Party Congress in February
1986
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Introduced reforms at home to improve the economy
- Perestroika
These were seen as radical
Law on Co-operatives May 1988
Allowed private enterprise and ownership of
business
Glasnost gave freedom of speech
Criticism of the regime allowed
Press became less controlled
Dissidents were released from prison
Hoped that pressure on conservatives would get
his reforms through faster
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Democratisation
Introduced January 1987
Measures introduced in June 1988 to dismantle
party apparatus
December 1988 Congress of Peoples Deputies set
up
Gorbachev becomes first President of the Soviet
Union April 1990
Elections held March and April 1989
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Gorbachev sought to improve relations and trade
with the West
Established close links with Margaret Thatcher,
Helmut Kohl and Ronald Reagan
I like Mr Gorbachev we can do business together
October 11 1986 Gorbachev and Reagan met at
Reykjavik to discuss reduction of Intermediate
range Nuclear Weapons in Europe
This led to the signing of the Intermediate
Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987 (INF)
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In February 1988 I announced the withdrawal of
troops from Afghanistan
Around 15000 soviet troops were killed during
this war
The withdrawal was completed by Feb 1989
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I also announced in 1988 an end to the Brezhnev
Doctrine. This allowed Eastern Bloc countries to
go their own ways in foreign affairs
This was the most far reaching of Gorbachevs
reforms
There was a string of revolutions in 1989 all
of which led to the end of Communism in the
countries which had a revolution
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With the exception of Romania all the revolutions
of 1989 were peaceful
The cold war was over
Gorbachev won the Nobel Peace Prize on October 15
1990