A1261497610FluDL

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FOREST TREE IMPROVEMENT
DR. AB. RASIP BIN AB. GHANI DIRECTOR FOREST
PLANTATION PROGRAMME BIOTECHNOLOGY
DIVISION FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
(FRIM) KEPONG, 52109 SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN,
MALAYSIA TEL [phone] FAX
603-62731427 EMAIL rasip_at_frim.gov.my
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GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TREE IMPROVEMENT

• Forest Genetic
• Forest tree breeding
• Tree Improvement
• Step involving in TI
• Why we need tree improvement?
• Important consideration

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Tree Improvement (TI) Forest Genetic genetic
studies of forest trees Forest tree breeding
studies on some specific problem to produce a
specially desired product Tree Improvement
combination of all silviculture and tree breeding
skill to grow the most valuable forest product as
quickly as possible and as inexpensive as possible
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• Step involving in TI
• Species determination geographic source
• Variability studies - amount, kind and causes
  of
• variability
• Packaging of desired quality into improved
• individual
• Mass production of improved individuals
• Developing and maintaining a genetic base
  population broad enough for needs in advanced
  generation

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• Why do we need TI?
• Intensive tree farming
• Production of the desired quality timber in
  maximum amounts in the shortest period of time
  at reasonable cost
• TI-
• Improved yields and quality on the more
  productive forested area
• Can grow tree on land that are sub-marginal and
  no economic for timber production
• Develop strains that are more suitable for
  specialized products or uses

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Important consideration- Time gt Cost gt Quality
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VARIATION AND ITS USE

• Genetic variability
• Environmental variation
• Variation caused by man
• Racial variation
• Mating system
• Factors shaping variation
• Selection

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• Basis for selection
• Especially on the economic traits
• Must determine the amount, cause and the nature
  of variation
• The variations in tree species are generally
  high
• Strategy for survival
• Long life
• Expose to various environmental condition
• Giving more opportunity for selection
• Basis of variation
• At cell level gtgtgtgtgtgt Chromosomes and gene

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• Causes and kinds of variability
• Basically the differences among tree resulted
  from
• The differing environments in which the trees are
  growing
• The genetic differences among trees
• The interaction between the tree gene types and
  environment in which they grow

P G E GxE G genetic E environment GxE
interaction between GE
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Environmental variation Soil gtgt Light gtgt H2O gtgt
Space Effect on tree competition among
trees. Factors can be controlled in
Silvicultural practices
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Genetic Variability
Genetic variation additive gene action
non-additive gene action ? 2P ? 2G
? 2E ? 2G ? 2GA ? 2GNA ? 2P ? 2GA
? 2GNA ? 2E Additive gene action cumulative
effects of all gene loci influencing trait
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• Non-additive divided by two
• Dominance interaction of specific affects at a
  gene locus
• Epitasis interactions among gene loci

• Most characteristics of economic importance
  controlled by additive gene action
• Additive variance can be used in simple
  selection. e.g. wood density, bole straightness
• non- additive e.g. growth rate
• Pest resistance both additive non- additive

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SOURCE OF PLANTING MATERIAL

• Seed source
• Strategies of acquiring planting material
• Short-term strategy
• Long-term strategy

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• Source of Seed
• The importance of source of seed
• Success of plantation depends on seed source
• Largest, fastest and cheapest gain can be
  realized through proper species and seed sources

• Terminology
• Adapted how well trees are physiologically
  suited for high survival, good growth, resistance
  to P D and adverse condition
• Exotic - tree grown and of its natural range
• Provenance, geographic source or geographic race
• denote the original geographic areas from which
  seed or other propagules were obtained
• Seed source or origin

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• Racial variation
• natural population
• between individual within population variation
  racial variation

Clines and ecotypes Cline a gradient in a
measurable characteristic which follows
environmental gradients. Variation
may/may not base on genetics. Ecotype a group
of plants of similar genotype that occupy a
specific ecological niche

• Land race
• A population of individuals that has become
  adapted to a specific environment in which it has
  been planted
• Can be the easiest and best way of making quick
  and large genetic gains

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• Where races are developed best?
• Species with very wide range over environments
• Species growing a wide altitudinal range
• Species that grown in regions of greatly diverse
  soils

• Where to select?
• Safest method is to select local source
• Outside source that have been proven better
• From center of origin

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• Steps to select seed source
• Make decision about the objective of the
  plantings and the products desired
• Obtain all information possible
• Survey the area for any plantation of desired
  species- develop S.P.A
• Determine the variation within the seed source
  or provenance
• Operationally used seed from initial land race or
  best potential provenance while better source
  being developed (through breeding activity)

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BREAK
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Selection

• Mass selection
• Family selection
• Sib selection
• Progeny testing
• Within-family selection
• Family plus Within-family selection

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• Selection of Plus tree
• Candidate Plus tree
• A tree that has been selected for grading because
  of its desirable phenotypic qualities but has not
  yet been graded or tested.
• Selected, superior or plus tree
• A tree has been recommended for production or
  breeding orchard use following grading. It has
  superior phenotype for growth, form, wood quality
  or other desired characteristics and appears to
  be adaptable.
• Elite tree
• Plus tree that has been proven to be genetically
  superior by mean of progeny testing.
• Comparison trees
• Trees that are located in the same stand and
  against which the candidate plus tree is graded.
• Advance
• Generation selection A tree selected from
  genetic test of crosses among parents from
  previous generations.

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• Selection
• 1. Individual tree selection / mass selection
• Even aged stands
• Concentrated on stands and plantation that
  average or better performance
• Same site quality to the plantation
• Known seed source
• Medium aged stands
• Pure species composition
• Avoid logged over stand
• Large enough for selection and comparison trees
• Emphasis on high seed production
• Thorough and systematic search
• Used comparison tree method

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• Uneven aged stand
• Regression selection system

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2. Family selection the choice of entire
families on the basis of their average phenotypic
values 3. Sib Selection individuals are chosen
on the basis of the performance of their siblings
and not on their own performance 4. Progeny
testing Selection of parent trees based upon
the performance of their progeny
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5. Within-family selection Individual are
chosen on the basis of their deviation from the
family mean, and family values per se are given
no weight when selections are made 6, Family
plus Within-family selection Two-stage method
involve selection on families followed by
selection of individuals within families
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• Strategies in satisfying the need of planting
  material
• Short term strategies
• Proven provenances (provenance trial/ GxE
  interaction)
• Acacia mangium Oriomo river (PNG)
• Claudi River (Northern Territories, Aust)
• Pinus caribaea Hondurus
• 2. Land Races
• A. mangium
• Rubber
• Oil palm

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• 3. Plus trees
• Seed, vegetative materials
• 4. Seed Production Areas/Seed Stands
• poor phenotypes are rogued from the stand and
  good trees are left to intermate.

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Long Term Strategies 1) Clone establishment From
Plus/Elite trees Vegetative propagation Macro
- grafting - layering - cutting Clone
banks/ Research orchards Clone test
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• Clonal Forestry
• Uniformity
• Adaptation
• Cost
• Wood production
• Deployment of GMOs
• Deployment of hybrids and expensive rare seed
• The opportunity to gain a better understanding of
  individual genotype overtimes and oversight

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2) Seed orchard a) Seedling seed orchard Plus
trees/elite trees Seed Set up seed
orchard Progeny trial Improved seed
orchards b) Clonal seed orchard Plus
trees/elite trees Vegetative material Set
up seed orchard Progeny trial Improved seed
orchards
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• Hybrids
• To combine complimentary traits of two parents
• To exploit hybrid vigour (heterosis)
• Increase the adaptability for afforestation into
  marginal areas for that species

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QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF TREE IMPROVEMENT

• Experimental design
• Genetic values
• Heritability
• Selection differential and selection intensity
• Genetic gain
• Method to obtain gain
• Mating design

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• Experimental Design
• CRD
• RCBD
• Incomplete Block Design
• Latticed Design
• Row and Column Design

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Statistical aspect of FTI Genetic value - To
get the best set of parent trees for breeding. P
G E GxE Progeny trial - Evaluate the
parents through the performance of the
progenies. - eliminate the E effect by
giving the same environment Genetic value is
express in term of Combining ability General
Combining Ability (GCA) the average performance
of the progeny of individual when it is mated to
a number of other individual in the population.
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Specific Combining Ability the average
performance of the progeny of a cross between two
specific parents that are different from what
would be expected on the basis of their general
combining ablity alone. e.g
Female parents Male parents Male parents Male parents Male parents Progeny means
Female parents 1 2 3 4 Progeny means
5 9 17 12 14 13
6 10 16 12 10 12
7 11 20 10 15 14
8 14 15 6 17 13
Progeny means 11 17 10 14 Test Means 13
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For parent 2 (male) GCA mean of parent 2 test
mean 17 13 4 ?parent 2 has
general ability (GCA2) for volume of 4 Breeding
value of an individual is defined as twice its
general combining ability. Breeding value 2
(GCA) BV parent 2 2 (GCA2)
2 x 4 8
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SCA it always refer to specific cross and never
to a particular parent by itself. 3 steps in
calculating the SCA e.g Cross between parents
3 and 6 ( a cross value of 12) Calculate the GCA
for both parents GCA3 -3 GCA6
-1 Calculate the anticipated value of the
cross (Summation of test mean and the GCA for
both parents) Anticipated value test mean
GCA3 GCA6 13
(-3) (-1) 9
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Subtract the value calculated in (2) from
observed value of the cross. SCA3x6
observed value anticipated value
12 9 3 This means that cross 3 x 6
is performing 3 volume unit better than would be
expected based on the GCAs of parents 3 and 6.
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Genotype X Environment interaction The relative
performance of clones, families, provenance or
species differ when they are planted in different
environment.
Situation 1
Seed lot Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4
1 23 25 26 22
2 24 27 27 23
3 20 24 25 21
Situation 2
Seed lot Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4
1 23 27 26 22
2 24 25 25 23
3 20 24 27 21
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Analysis of variance
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Analysis of variance
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Heritability 1) Broad-sense (H2) The ratio of
all genetic variance to the phenotypic variance
H2 ?2G ?2A ?2NA
H2 ?2P ?2A ?2NA ?2E
2) Narrow-sense (h2) The ratio of additive
genetic variance to phenotypic variance
h2 ?2A ?2A
h2 ?2P ?2A ?2NA ?2E
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Selection differential The difference between
the mean of selected individual and the
population mean _ _ S Xs- X
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Genetic gain G h2 x S Or G i h2?P i
intensity of selection h2 heritability ?P
phenotypic standard deviation
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• Method to obtain gain
• Mass selection followed by testing
• Phenotypic selection followed by vegetative
  propagation and testing
• Making special crosses

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• Mating design
• Open pollinated mating
• Polycross (pollen mix) design
• Nested design
• Factorial design
• Single-pair mating
• Diallel

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TREE IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY

• Objective
• Factors for consideration

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• Factors for Consideration
• Objectives of plantation
• Manpower
• Financial
• Land
• Time

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A conventional breeding strategy
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Nucleus breeding strategy (Cotteill 1989)
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Multiple breeding population-Breeding seed
orchard strategy (Barnes 1984)
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THANK YOU