Diapositiva 1

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From feed to food the role of animal feed in the
production of safe food
Prof. Vittorio DellOrto Dipartimento di Scienze
e Tecnologie Veterinarie per la Sicurezza
Alimentare, Università di Milano
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

• BSE disease of cattle first reported in 1986,
  in the UK
• So far 200,000 cases of BSE have been reported in
  the world
• 97 in the UK,
• 2.9 in the rest of the EU
• 0.1 in the rest of the world

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Mad cow" disease and nvCJD

• The human form of BSE is nvCJD (new variant
  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
• The nvCJD outbreak has killed about 178 people in
  the UK and 38 in the world
• nvCJD is linked to BSE

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Key BSE actions

• Whole heard culling
• e.g. in Italy 1 BSE case occurred on a farm and
  over 100 cattle were slaughtered
• Feed ban
• since BSE spread considered due to use of meat
  and bone meal (MBM) in cattle feed

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Trend in BSE-positive cases in the EU since 2001

• The number of BSE cases reported to the World
  Organization for Animal Health had declined by
  2007 to less than 200 cases worldwide.
• With the ban on feeding cattle meat and bone
  meal in affected countries and improved
  surveillance in these countries to detect and
  eliminate infected cattle, the trend of disease
  incidence is expected to continue to decline.

Source Report on the monitoring and testing of
ruminants for the presence of transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies in the EU in 2007
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BSE tests performed in EUin 2001-2007
At 40-50 per test, and mean cost estimated at
45, the cost of BSE testing is in the EU is
Half billion /year
Source Report on the monitoring and testing of
ruminants for the presence of BSE in the EU in
2007
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World Population
Forecast
Actual
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World per capita meat and milk consumption 1980 -
2030
Milk
Meat
Kg
Kg
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More food means more feed

• 0.2 kg maize
• 0.1 kg soybean meal
• Plus forages and other feed ingredients

1 kg milk
Use of maize as feed is projected to rise from
625 to 964 million tonnes from 2002 to 2030
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2008 World Feed Panorama

• Despite the economic slump, persisting animal
  diseases, and an uneasy commodities market, the
  total worldwide quantity of animal feed made
  industrially seems to have set new records -
  again

• Feed industry production
• more than 700 million metric tons
• With growth rate forecast at 1.5 /year

Source Feed International,2009
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World per capita feed use

• World per capita feed use
• gt100 kg/person/year

(Excluding forages)
Source Feed International 2008, 2009
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Energy required to produce ½ kg of food expressed
in distance covered by diesel car
Source Scientific American
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Impact of livestock on the environment

• Agriculture contributes an estimated 16 to total
  anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG)
• Direct livestock emissions, from enteric
  fermentation and manure, account for almost half
  of the emissions from agriculture - some 8 of
  total global emissions

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What nutritional strategies can reduce the
environmental impact of livestock production?

• Optimize production efficiency
• kg feed per kg of animal product
• New technologies (e. g. GM feed with enhanced
  nutritional characteristics)
• Optimize impact efficiency
• Reduction of protein, phosphorous, fibre contents
  of diets
• Least cost diet formulation? Least environmental
  cost diet formulation

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Production efficiency trends(kg feed per kg of
animal product)
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Improving production efficiency in dairy cows
In recent years, cow numbers have declined in
most of European countries but total milk supply
has remained relatively constant
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How has efficiency been improved?

• 1. through genetics
• The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle A Window
  to Ruminant Biology and Evolution, Science, 24
  April 2009

2. through management
e. g. automatic milking systems
3. through nutrition
e. g. improved nutritional quality of protein
sources through modern biotechnology
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FP6 and FP7 research activities
Impact of animal feed on human health
physical and biological environmental impacts on
and of food/feed chains
Consumer, societal, cultural, industrial and
health, as well as traditional aspects of food
and feed, including behavioral and cognitive
sciences
Improved quality and safety (chemical and
biological) of food, beverages and feed
Innovative food and feed processing technologies
(including packaging and technologies from
nonfood fields)
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Feed safety-related crises
milk powder contaminated with melamine in China
Belgian dioxin crisis
BSE
1990 1999 2000 2002 2004 2008
EU White Paper on Food Safety
Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding
EFSA founded
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• The EU White Paper reflects the key policy
  priority of the European Commission to ensure
  the EU has the highest standards of food safety.
• The guiding principle of the White Paper is that
  food safety policy must be based on a
  comprehensive, integrated approach.
• This means throughout the food chain (from farm
  to table/from feed to food), across all food
  sectors, for all the Member States, at the EUs
  external frontier and within the EU.

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• The European Commission founded the European
  Food Safety Authority in 2002 (Parma, Italy),
  with particular responsibilities for both risk
  assessment and the communication of food safety
  issues.
• The principal objective of the European Food
  Safety Authority is to ensure a high level of
  consumer health protection in the area of food
  safety.

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EU Alert System Report 2008
In 2008, a total of 3040 notifications were
received, of which 182 regarded feed products
(vs. 165 in 2007)
FOOD 2858
FEED 182
Source EU Commission, 2008
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From feed to food the European system in a
changing world
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Possible measures to ensure safe feed include

• applying valid methods for decontamination,
  disinfection and cleaning
• developing rapid and economical analytical
  methods for screening feed and feed ingredients
• reporting the presence of undesirable substances
  to national and international authorities
• rapidly notifying the competent authorities of
  feed safety incidents that could result in human
  food safety hazards
• developing international standards for certain
  undesirable substances using the Tolerable Daily
  Intake (TDI) approach/Modelling.

FAO, 2007
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Rapid analytical methods for screening feed and
feed ingredients
Pathogens identification and undesiderable
substances detection
Cell-based bio-assays
Electronic sensors/ bio-sensors
FoodExpert ID
MPID Microarray
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Feed Food
The result is that feedstuffs are now required to
be equivalent to foods in terms of nutritional
quality, technical aspects, safety, and so on.
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Beyond feed safety The concept of
nutrition-based animal health
Feeds must be considered not only in terms of
production efficiency, but also in terms of their
ability to promote animal health
Adams, 2006
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Beyond feed safety Functional foods of animal
origin
Baldi and Pinotti, 2008
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Nutritive and therapeutic value of milk
Partial list of bioactive components in milk that
have human health implications
Milk contains specific proteins, peptides, and
fatty acids that are bioactive, and may have
effects of benefit to humans, including disease
prevention and health maintenance.
Bauman et al., 2006
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Milk contains peptides with hypotensive effects
that work by inhibition of ACE (angiotensin-I-conv
erting enzyme)
Huth et al., 2006
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Conclusions

• Feed/Food availability production of balanced
  feed/diets can contribute to improving efficiency
  in livestock production
• particularly in developing countries
• Feed utilization need to change role of feed
  from general maintenance to providing highly
  focused diets, that for example
• Reduce environmental impact
• Promote animal health (functional feed)
• Food safety and quality need to produce animal
  products that meet the needs of society in
  terms of diet and health, quality and security,
  while promoting animal welfare, with sustainable
  use of resources

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Thank you for your attention
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