Ration Balancer and Nutrient Requirement Calculator

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Ration Balancer and Nutrient Requirement
Calculator

• Langston University
• E Kika de la Garza American Institute for goat
  Research in Small Ruminants
• Terry Gipson, Art Goetsch, Steve Hart

www2.luresext.edu/goats/index.htm
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Print-Out Copy
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Determine CaP Ration

• Grams Ca x 20 (Atomic Wt.)
• / (divided by)
• Grams P x 15 (Atomic Wt.)
• 10 g x 20 200 / 7 g x 15 105
• 200/105 1.91.0

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Copper Toxicity In Goats

• The present state of the dilemma

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Essential Minerals

• Macrominerals
• Calcium
• Chlorine
• Magnesium
• Phosphorus
• Potassium
• Sodium
• Sulfur
• CaP Ratio 1.5-1,2.0-1

• Microminerals
• Chromium
• Cobalt
• Copper
• Iodine
• Iron
• Manganese
• Molybdenum
• Nickel
• Selenium
• Zinc
• FeO Iron Oxide Problems
• Most often deficient

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Mineral Requirements
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Essentially of Cu

• Human body contains 100-120 mg Cu
• In ruminants, 50 of the storage is in liver
• In swine 1/10 of the concentration in liver

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Function of Cu

• Required for hemoglobin synthesis
• Acts as anti-oxidant
• Component of electron transport in cells
• Catalyzes reduction of O2 to H2O
• Required for normal brain and spinal cord
  activity
• Skin and hair component (collagen)
• Involved in the immune system

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Cu Storage in Tissue

• Some associated with specific enzymes
• Most is attached to intracellular proteins called
  metallothioneins (metalloproteins)
• These proteins act as cushions when blood content
  of Cu is high (capture 20 mol Cu)
• Cu in liver can increase 10-20 fold until
  sequestering capacity is exceeded!

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Cu Absorption Factors Affecting Absorption

• Small intestine is primary site
• Active process
• Physiological state of goat
• Nutritional status
• Protein (Metallothionein) in intestinal
  epithelium regulates the amount of absorption of
  Cu into the blood

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Factors Affecting Absorption II

• Phytate and fiber bind Cu
• High levels Zn and Fe compete for absorption
• Mo and S form thiomolybdates that bind Cu in gut,
  (1 ppm, Mo)

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Cu Transport

• Cu binds to blood albumin, amino acids and
  transfer proteins
• Cu transported to the liver
• Cu binds to metallothionein or excreted via bile

0.10-0.20 mg/dL
Cu Storage
1000-3000 ppm
Bile Cu
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Toxicity Levels of Dietary Intake

• Swine dietary levels gt 250 ppm (low in Zn and Fe)
• Cattle dietary levels gt 100 ppm
• Goats(?)
• Sheep dietary levels 10-15 ppm

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Toxicity Symptoms

• Acute anorexia
• Severe hemolytic anemia (brownish blood)
• Respiratory distress
• Jaundice (yellowing eyes and membranes
• Dark and pasty fecal material animal may look
  dirty
• Bloody urine
• Most often, Ok yesterday, but dead today

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Types of Toxicity

• Acute
• usually mistake in feed or mineral mix
• goats found old bag of Cu-pesticide
• Chronic -
• Occurs due to slow accumulation for 2 weeks to 1
  year

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Cu Transport

• Cu is released in liver through breakdown of
  metallothionein
• Cu destroys up to 60 of RBC (hemoglobin), O2
  depletion
• Cu destroys liver and kidney tissue
• Death of animal 24-48 hrs

500-1000 mg/dL
Cu Storage
Cu
Bile Cu
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How dose this happen?

• Fat, over fed goats are most susceptible
• Complete feeds based on 2.5 lbs/day intake
• 2.5 lbs 90 ppm
• 50 absorption 45 ppm/d
• But they eat more than that mineral (fc)

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Reasons For High Cu Load

• Over feeding complete feeds
• Feeds with lt1 ppm Mo
• Feeds with low Fe, Zn, Cd
• Over feeding ionophores, monensen, lasalocid

• Stress
• Doe post weaning
• Change in weather
• Change in feed
• Poor nutrition
• Transportation
• Handling
• Showing
• Liver damage

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Top 10 Management Suggestions

• 1-Get a diagnosis
• 2-Analyze Cu levels in feeds
• 3-Take samples of each feed lot (Label and date)
• 4-Avoid over feeding
• 5-May not need fc minerals with complete feeds
• 6-Switch to low Cu alternatives for portion of
  the year SBH or Corn SBM

• 7-Feed fc mineral 2000 ppm Zn (lowers liver
  levels)
• 8-Request 3 ppm Mo-S (CuMo, 101), adequate
  Fe, Zn, Cd in feed
• 9-Treatment by veterinarian Ammonium molybdate,
  sodium sulfate penicilamine for period of weeks
• 10-Prevent over feeding Cu
• Future of treated animals not known

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Brown Tyne Forage Chicory
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Chicory Lespedeza and Tall Fescue