Isolation and Expansion

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Isolation and Expansion

• George Washington advised the nation to stay out
  of the political affairs of other nations
• Isolationism
• U.S. still followed policy of expansionism
  extending the boundaries of the U.S.
• Americans constantly moved westward
• U.S. always looking for new markets for trade in
  Europe/China but not Japan

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The Opening of Japan

• Japan feared outsiders
• Japanese rulers isolated Japan from rest of world
• They expelled all Westerners
• Foreign sailors who were shipwrecked on Japans
  shore, were not allowed to leave
• America wanted Japan to open its ports to
  American trade
• America wanted Japan to help shipwrecked sailors

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Commodore Matthew Perry

• Perry entered Japan in 1853 with 4 war ships
• Japanese never saw steam-powered ships
• Japanese ordered Americans to leave
• Before they left, Perry gave Japanese a letter
  from President Fillmore
• The letter asked the Japanese
  to open their country to trade
• The Americans would return the
  next year for the answer

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Commodore Perry Returns

• Next year, Perry returned to Japan with 7 war
  ships
• Japan was intimidated and impressed by American
  power
• Japan signed Treaty of Kanagawa
• Japan would help shipwrecked American sailors
• Japan would open two ports to American trade
• Japan was made aware of American power
• Japan wants to become industrialized like the U.S.

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Seward looks to the Pacific

• Secretary of State, William Seward wants the U.S.
  to dominate trade in the Pacific
• 1867 he persuades Congress to annex Midway
  Island
• 1867 Seward makes a deal to buy Alaska from
  Russia

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Map of Oceania
MIDWAY
HAWAII
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Sewards Icebox

• The Russian Czar was willing to to sell Alaska to
  the U.S. for 7.2 million
• Seward agreed to buy the land at about 2 cents
  per acre
• Many people saw this purchase as a waste
• Alaska was a frozen wilderness
• Sewards Icebox / Sewards Folly
• 1890s gold foundthen
  petroleum and natural gas
• 1959 Alaska becomes our
  49th state

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Age of Imperialism 1870-1914

• Imperialism the policy of powerful countries
  the politics and economy of weaker countries
• Britain, France and Germany seized control of
  most of Africa and a good amount of South Asia
• The U.S. and Japan also become imperial powers
• Industrial nations need (1)raw materials to
  manufacture goods
• Many Europeans believed in the (2) White Mans
  Burden (to spread their religion and culture to
  people they considered less civilized than they)

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Age of Imperialism 1870-1914

• (3) Competition among imperialistic nations to
  control as many countries as they could

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Africa was controlled by European powers
Africa - controlled by European powers
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South Asia - Controlled by Foreign Powers
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Americans Seek and Empire

• America produces more than it can use
• America needs markets around the world to sell
  its surplus
• America needs to bring democracy and Christianity
  to the world
• Captain Alfred Mahan believed that Americas
  prosperity depends on foreign trade
• Mahan believed we needed a bigger navy to protect
  American ships while they were trading around the
  world
• Mahan believed we needed naval bases around the
  world esp. in the Caribbean and Pacific

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The Great White Fleet

• The U.S. Navy made larger and more modern
• Steam powered white ships

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The Great White Fleet
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Samoa

• Good place for a naval base in the Pacific
• Germany and Britain thought so too
• 3 nations competed for control
• Finally compromised Germany and U.S. divided
  Samoa
• Britain received other territories in the Pacific

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Map of Oceania
HAWAII
SAMOA
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Hawaii

• 8 large islands and more than 100 smaller ones
• 1820s American missionaries arrived in Hawaii
• mid 1800s American planters set up huge sugar
  plantations in Hawaii
• Planters use cheap labor from China, Korea, Japan
  and Philippines
• Sugar industry grows and so does the power of the
  planters
• Queen Liliuokalani loved Hawaiian independence
  and tried to reduce the power of the planters

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Queen Liliuokolani
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The Planters Rebel

• American planters rebel against Queen
  Liliukolanis attempt to limit their power
• The U.S. Marines are called in to protect the
  planters
• Liliuokalani seeing U.S. guns, gives up her
  throne
• The U.S. planters quickly set up a republic and
  ask the Congress to annex Hawaii
• In 1898, Hawaii is annexed
• In 1959, Hawaii becomes the 50th state

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Protecting Trade with China

• Britain, Germany and Japan compete with the U.S.
  for colonies in Asia
• The competition was fierce in China
• China was weak from civil war
• China did not industrialize in the 1800s
• China unable to protect itself from industrial
  nations seeking profits from its vast resources
  and markets

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The Open Door

• Late 1800s Britain, France, Germany, Russia and
  Japan acquired Spheres of Influence in China
• Sphere of Influence- area, usually around a
  seaport, where the foreign nation had special
  trading rights
• Each foreign nation made laws for its own
  citizens in its sphere of influence

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The U.S. Wants a Sphere

• U.S. Secretary of State, John Hay feared other
  powers in China would cut China off to American
  merchants
• To prevent this, Hay sent a letter to all nations
  which had spheres of influence in China
• Letter told them to keep an open door in China
  permitting any nation to trade in the spheres of
  others
• Reluctantly, the other nations accepted the Open
  Door Policy

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The Boxers Rebel

• Many Chinese hate that foreigners control parts
  of China
• Some form secret society called the Righteous
  Fists of Harmony (Boxers)
• 1900 Boxers attack westerners whom they called
  foreign devils
• gt200 foreigners killed / hundreds trapped in
  Beijing
• Imperialist countries in China organize an
  international army incl. 2,500 Americans
• With modern weapons, they free trapped foreigners
  and crush the Boxers

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Boxer Rebellion

• Some saw the Boxer Rebellion as excuse to seize
  more Chinese land
• Hay sends another open door letter urging nations
  to respect Chinas independence
• Britain, France and Germany accept Hays advice
• Afraid of war, Japan and Russia do the same
• U.S. showed world leadership

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• 1853 Perry visits Japan
• 1867 U.S. acquires Alaska and Midway Island
• 1870s U.S. foreign trade passes 1 billion
• 1887 New Hawaiian constitution increases the
  power of American planters
• 1890s Great White Fleet sails
• 1898 Congress annexes Hawaii
• 1899 Hay sends Open Door letters
• 1900 U.S. helps put down Boxer Rebellion