Exploration and Expansion

1
Exploration and Expansion
2
Technology

• Compass (China)
• Astrolabe (Arabs)
• Cartography (Ptolemy Byzantine Arabs)
  latitude and longitude
• Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs)
• Gunpowder (China)
• Multiple masts

3
Reasons for Expansion

• Trade with Asia
• Marco Polo
• Europeans desire eastern spices
• Trade cut off by Arab empires
• Renaissance Reformation
• Economic and political expansion
• Spains Three Gs
• Gold look for wealth
• Glory discover something new (conquistadors)
• God spread Christianity

4
Spanish Exploration

• Columbus (1492)
• Convinced Queen Isabella to support his journey
• Landed on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and Cuba
• Called natives Indians
• Never realized he wasnt in Asia
• Amerigo Vespucci suggested Columbus found the
  New World (Amerigo America)
• Magellan
• 1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain
• Sailed around South America (Straight of
  Magellan)
• Named and crossed the Pacific Ocean
• Killed in the Philippines
• Del Cano led ship that circumnavigated the world

5
Portuguese

• Traveled down coast of Africa (Gold Coast) and
  over to India (spices)
• Prince Henry the Navigator 1419, established a
  school for sailors
• Bartholomew Diaz 1487, Cape of Good Hope (tip
  of Africa)
• Vasco da Gama 1498, around Africa to India
• Alfonso d Albuquerque 1510, set-up a land base
  in Goa, India to control spice trade (took away
  from Muslims), eventually set-up in China

6
(No Transcript)
7
Magellans Route
8
Dividing the New World

• Spain and Portugal each claimed
• Turned to pope for help
• 1493 Line of Demarcation was drawn
• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas signed moving the
  line
• Brazil Portuguese
• Rest of South America Spanish

9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
Spanish Empire

• Columbian Exchange
• Europe Received corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet
  potatoes, beans
• Americas Received disease, horses, cows, pigs,
  sugar
• Conquistadors
• Cortes took over Aztecs in Mexico
• Pizarro took over Incas in Peru
• Encomienda
• Indians became slaves controlled by Spanish
• Indians were converted to Catholicism

12
(No Transcript)
13
Slave Trade

• Slavery not new to Africa
• Sent to Middle East for domestic work
• Sugarcane (Portuguese)
• Changed slavery for Europeans
• Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil
• Grew fast
• 16th century about 275,000
• 17th century over 1 million
• 18th century over 6 million
• African slave traders controlled slave trade
• Middle Passage route to the Americas
• Destroyed traditional African societies as demand
  for slaves increased

14
(No Transcript)
15
Middle Passage
16
The Ming Dynasty (1368 1644 CE)Chinas
Exploration and Isolationist Dynasty

• 1368 Hongwu commands an army that kicked out the
  Mongols and becomes the new emperor of China
  starting the Ming Dynasty
• Yonglo (Hongwus son)
• Moves the capital to Beijing and creates the
  Forbidden City
• Sends Zheng He on voyages of exploration
• Goal was to set-up tributes and show the Mings
  power and wealth
• Ended after 7 voyages
• China withdraws into isolation

17
Zheng Hes Voyages
18
China under the Qing Dynasty(1644 1911)

• Manchus (Manchuria) overthrow Ming Dynasty
• Kangxi expanded borders, reduced government
  expenses, interacted with European missionaries
• Chinese controlled trade with Europe
• Forced payment of tribute and performance of the
  kowtow ritual
• Dutch accepted and became strong trade partners
  (tea)
• Great Britain did not and was limited in trade
• European interest will increase and European
  nations will work to slowly weaken the Qing
  Dynasty

19
Japan Becomes Isolated

• 15th and 16th century Japan saw an era of
  disorder without central leadership (daimyo
  feudalism)
• From 1568 to 1600 CE Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi
  Hideyoshi start a unification process that will
  be completed under Tokugawa Ieyasu
• Tokugawa Shogunate (1600 1867) brought
  stability to Japans feudal system
• Emperor as figure head with real power from the
  military commander (shogun)
• Drama (Kabuki Theater), literature (haiku), and
  art flourished

20
Japan Becomes Isolated

• European Contact
• Portuguese (starting in 1548) brought technology
  (guns and canons) that changed Japanese military
  structure
• Christian Missionaries (starting in 1549) came to
  convert Japanese
• Tokugawa shogunate persecuted and then banned
  Christianity from the empire
• Tokugawa shogunates dislike of European contact
  results in the closed country policy beginning
  in 1639
• For 200 years Japan was basically closed off from
  European contact
• Virtually no trade or ideas came in and no
  Japanese allowed to leave
• Nagasaki one exception, port owned by the
  Tokugawa was able to trade with Dutch and Chinese
  merchants

21
Results of Expansion

• In Europe
• Economically successful (mercantilism)
• Created rivalries as countries fought over
  colonies
• In Asia
• Increased trade with Europe
• Beginning of Western dominance
• Japan becomes Isolated
• In Africa
• Dramatic increase of slave trade
• European influence in the coastal areas
• In the Americas
• Destroyed native population
• Began European dominance