Diapositiva 1

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Curso de Inglés
Autora Maité Pérez Montes
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English
GRAMMAR
charter 1 y 2
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CHARTER 1
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• Articles
• Definite Article
• Indefinite Article
• Exercises

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• Definite Article
• The definite article is the and it is used for
  singular and plural. It is also used before nouns
  that express the only one of its kind.
• Examples
• the earth
  the sky the sun
  
• the moon
  the planet
• It is used before a noun made definite by the
  addition of a phrase or clause.
• Examples
• The girl who wears blue jeans.
• The man who came with the rain.
• I saw the English teacher.
• The is used before a noun which, by reason of
  locality, can represent only one particular
  thing.
• Examples
• Ann is in the kitchen.
• Please, give me the sugar.
• The pizza in this restaurant is not good.

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• Indefinite Article
• The indefinite articles are a or an. The form a
  is used before a word beginning with a consonant
  or a vowel sounded like a consonant.
• The form an is used before words beginning with a
  vowel or a mute h.
• Examples
• a table a university an egg an hour
• A is used before a countable singular noun and
  represents a particular person or thing.
• Examples
• I saw a woman.
• A horse is an animal.
• A dog can trap a mouse.
• A is also used as a noun complement.
• Examples
• She is a secretary.
• She wrote a good book.
• Henry is an excellent person.
• A and an are used before certain numerical
  expressions and in expressions of price, speed,
  ratio, etc.
• Examples
• a dozen a hundred a ton
• a day an hour

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• Exercises
• Write the or . when the can be omitted.
• ____ Sky is blue and ____ sun is shining.
• I don't like to listen ____ news on ____ radio.
• When they left ____ airport they went ____ home.
• Cars are producing ____ pollution every day.
• It's a nice restaurant and ____ food is
  delicious.
• Children learn to speak ____ languages fast.
• Earth rotates around ____ Sun.
• He left ____ home early and went to ____ movies.
• Tigers are protected in ____ Indian jungle.
• ____ envy is one of ____ worst human feelings.
• ____ shrimps at ____ Henry's restaurant are
  good.
• She likes to watch ____ horror films on ____ TV.
• ____ Spacecrafts were invented in ____ 20th
  century.

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• Nouns
• Definition and classification
• Plural of nouns
• Possessive case
• Exercises
• Definition and classification
• A noun is the name of anything. They are
  classified in
• common nouns nouns that are the names given to
  people, things or places of the same kind.
• Examples
• dog, man, bird, bridge, etc.
• Proper nouns nouns given to a particular person,
  thing or place. They begin with capital letter.
• Examples
• John, Paris, Germany, Amazon, etc.
• Abstract nouns nouns that name qualities or
  ideas that you can not touch or see.
• Examples
• love, speed, beauty, etc.

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• Plural of nouns
• The plural of nouns are generally formed by
  adding s to the singular.
• Examples
• car - cars pencil - pencils book - books
  boat boats
• Nouns ending in o, ss, sh, ch, or x form their
  plural by adding es.
• Examples
• potato - potatoes kiss - kisses
  brush -brushes
• church - churches fox foxes

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• Foreign or abbreviated words ending in o add s
  only.
• Examples
• photo - photos piano - pianos dynamo
  dynamos
• Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form
  their plurals by changing the y for an i and
  adding es.
• Examples
• secretary - secretaries baby - babies
  country - countries
• Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel form their
  plural by adding only s.
• Examples
• toy - toys play - plays donkey
  - donkeys
• Some nouns ending in f or fe form their plurals
  by changing the f or fe for ves.
• Examples
• wolf - wolves knife - knives
  thief - thieves life lives
• There are nouns that form their plural by a vowel
  change.
• Examples
• man - men woman - women foot feet
• tooth - teeth child children

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• Possessive case
• The possessive case of singular nouns is formed
  by putting ('s) after the noun that stands for
  the possessor. Singular nouns ending in s only
  add the apostrophe ( ' ).
• Examples
• John's wife St. Patrick's church the boys'
  car
• The possessive case of plural nouns is formed by
  placing an apostrophe () after the noun if the
  plural ends in s or by placing ('s) after the
  noun if the noun does not end in s.
• Examples
• the girls' books ladies room
  men's room

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• Exercises
• Fill in the blanks with the plural for each noun.
• flower _________ sheep
  _________ party   _________
• woman _________ booth _________
  wolf _______
• coat _________ foot
  _________ bush ________
• cabbage _________ loaf
  _________ dispatch ________
• match _________ child
  _________ memory _________
• scarf _________ mouse
  _________ wife _______
• dress _________
• clay _________ corpse
  _________ nucleus _________
• waitress _________
• remedy _________

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Charter 2
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• Pronouns
• Definition and Gender
• Personal
• Case
• Indefinite
• Demonstrative
• Interrogative
• Possessive
• Relative
• Exercises

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• Definition and Gender
• Words that are used to substitute nouns in a
  sentence or paragraph are called Pronouns.
• The English language has three different genders
  masculine, feminine and neuter.
• The pronouns he and him that are used to
  substitute male or masculine nouns have a
  masculine gender.
• The pronouns she and her that are used to
  substitute female or feminine nouns have a
  feminine gender.
• The pronoun it that is used to substitute things
  has a neuter gender.
• The pronouns I, me, you, we and us can be either
  masculine or feminine while the pronouns they and
  them can be masculine, feminine or Personal
• Personal pronouns are those pronouns that stand
  for persons. If they are used to refer only one
  person they have a singular number (I, me, he,
  she, him and her) but if they are used to refer
  to more than one person they have a plural gender
  (we, us, they ,them).
  
• Personal Pronouns
• First Person
  I First
  Person We
• Singular Second Person You
  Plural Second Person You
• Third Person
  He, She, It Third Person
  They

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• Case
• Pronouns, according to the function they do in a
  sentence, are divided in
• subject pronouns (when they are the subject of a
  sentence) or
• object pronouns (when they are the object of a
  verb or a preposition).
• 
  Subject
  Object
• 
  Pronouns
  Pronouns
• First Person
  I Me
• Singular Second Person You
  You
• Third Person
  He, She, It Him, Her, Itç
• First Person
  We Us
• Plural Second Person You
  You
• Third Person
  They Them
• Examples
• I visited him.
• He is tired of her.

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• Indefinite
• These pronouns can refer to persons or things.
  The endings one or body refer to people while the
  ending thing refer to things.
• Indefinite pronouns with the suffix some are
  generally used in affirmative sentences while
  those with the suffix any are used in negative
  and interrogative sentences.
• Indefinite pronouns with no are used in sentences
  with affirmative verbs.
• Examples
• Somebody /Someone is knocking at the door.
• I didn't talk to anyone/anybody in the park.
• There was no one in the classroom.

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• Demonstrative
• This
  
  These
• Singular
  Plural
• That
  
  Those
• This, that, these and those can be either a
  demonstrative adjective or a demonstrative
  pronoun. If they substitute a noun in a sentence
  they are pronouns, but if they modify a noun they
  are adjectives.
• Examples
• This book is new. (Adjective)
• This is a new book. (Pronoun)
• These dictionaries are good. (Adjective)
• These are good dictionaries. (Pronoun)

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• Interrogative
• who
• For persons whom
• whose
• For things what
• For persons and things which
• These interrogative pronouns have the same form
  for singular and plural.
• Examples
• Who did you meet?
• What are you doing?
• Which/Who is my eldest pupil?

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• Possessive
• Personal Possessive Possessive
• Pronouns Adjectives Pronoun
• I my
  mine
• You your your
• He his
  his
• She her hers
• It its
  its
• We our ours
• They their
  theirs
• Examples
• He teaches her son. (Possessive Adjective)
• She teaches ours. (Possessive Pronoun)

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• Relative
• Nominative who,
  that
• For persons Accusative whom, who, that
• Possessive
  whose
• Examples
• The man who saw you is my brother.
  (Nominative)
• The book that he brought was new.
  (Accusative)
• The girl whose car is new is her daughter.
  (Possessive)
• Nominative which,
  that
• For things Accusative which, that
• Possessive whose,
  of which
• Examples
• The horse that won the contest. (Nominative)
• The novel which he wrote.
  (Accusative)
• The book whose cover is red. (Possessive)

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• Exercise
• Fill in the blank with the appropriate pronoun
  from the list below. Some of them could be
  repeated.
• There were __________ books on sale in the shop.
• __________ are the books Sarah brought yesterday
  night.
• The manager _________ caught the thief in an
  office.
• Jack recognized the man _________ stole the bank.
• __________ of the students came with the new
  books.
• It is dry because there was _________ rain this
  month.
• __________ is the author of this mess in the
  kitchen?
• He heard a voice but __________ was calling
  __________.
• _________ gave ________ ________ in the park
  yesterday night.
• (Liz) (John)
  (the keys)
• _________ are the professors _________ wrote the
  book.
• _________ didnt want to buy ________ in the new
  shop?
• (Rose)
• _________ the car ________ is parked behind the
  red ________?
• _________ is the house the Smith's built
  ___________.
• The sofa _________ cover is red and green is the
  oldest.

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• Adjectives
• Definition and Classification
• Comparison
• One-syllable adjectives
• Adjectives of two syllables
• Adjectives of three or more syllables

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Definition and Classification. Words that go
with nouns and tell us something about them are
called Adjectives. They have only one form which
is used with singular, plural, masculine and
feminine nouns. They are usually placed before
the nouns they modify. They are classified in
different kinds Quality round, bad, thin,
clean, light, etc. Size big, small, little,
long, wide, etc. Age young, old, new,
etc. Origin Indian, Italian, Cuban, American,
etc. Type medieval, tourist, seaside,
cosmopolitan, etc. Demonstrative this, that,
these, those. Quantitative some, many, any,
much, few, etc. Interrogative what, which, who,
whose, etc.
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• Comparison
• Positive
  dark, tall, useful.
• Degree of Comparative darker,
  taller, more useful
• Comparison
  
• Superlative
  darkest, tallest, most useful.
• One-syllable adjectives
  
• One-syllable adjectives form their comparative
  and superlative by adding er or est to the
  positive degree.
• Examples
• Positive Comparative
  Superlative
• tall
  taller
  tallest
• thin
  thinner
  thinnest

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• One-syllable adjectives
  
• One-syllable adjectives form their comparative
  and superlative by adding er or est to the
  positive degree.
• Examples
• Positive Comparative
  Superlative tall
  taller
  tallest thin
  thinner
  thinnest

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• Adjectives of two syllables
• Adjectives of two syllables form the comparative
  and superlative following one of the previous
  rules.
• Adjectives ending in ful or re form the
  comparative and superlative with moºe and most.
• Adjectives ending in er, y or ly add er and est
  to form the comparative and superlative.
• Examples
• Positive Comparative
  Superlative
• clever cleverer
  cleverest
  careful more careful
  most careful

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• Adjectives of three or more syllables
• Adjectives of three or more syllable form their
  comparative and superlative by adding more or
  most to the positive degree.
• Examples
• Positive Comparative
  Superlative
• important more
  important most important
• convenient
  more convenient most convenient
• Adjectives of two syllables
• Adjectives of two syllables form the comparative
  and superlative following one of the previous
  rules.
• Adjectives ending in ful or re form the
  comparative and superlative with more and most.
• Adjectives ending in er, y or ly add er and est
  to form the comparative and superlative.
• Examples
• Positive Comparative
  Superlative

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• Exercise
• Fill in the blank with the appropriate
  comparative or superlative form of the adjective
  in parentheses.
• Robert is ______________ than Richard.
  (old)
• Your new table is ______________ than my old
  desk. (thin)
• This house is _______________ the one we had in
  San Francisco. (big)
  
  
• My novel is _______________ the novel he wrote
  last year. (bad)
• Excelsior theater is _______________ the new
  theater. (far)
• This appliance is _______________ the one we had
  before. (useful)
• His bedroom is _______________ my parents
  bedroom. (obscure)
• The monster of this film is _______________the
  one we saw in Stars War.
  
  (ugly)
• This Christmas he feels ______________ he felt
  last year. (happy)
• This player is ___________________ the one they
  chose last year.
• 
  
  (valuable)
• The furniture in this shop is _________________
  in the shop near home.
  
  (expensive)
• Tom is _____________ in the Mathematics class.
  (clever)
• John's lecture was _______________ Henry's.
  (important)

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• Adverbs
• Formation
• Kinds
• Exercises

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• Formation
• Some adverbs are formed by adding the suffix ly
  to an adjective.
• Examples
• slow - slowly bad - badly clever
  cleverly
• Adjectives ending in ly have no adverb form.
• Examples
• likely lonely friendly lovely lowly
• There are some adverbs that have the same form as
  their adjectives.
• Examples
• high low near far hard
  little early much fast late

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• Kinds
• Adverbs are divided into seven different kinds
• Manner
• Place
• Time
  
• Adverbs
• Frequency
• Degree
• Interrogative
• Relative
• 
  

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• Manner
• quickly, quietly, kindly, badly,
  bravely, hard, fast, slowly, silently,
  well, c.
• They are used to express how something happens or
  the way someone does the action.
• They are usually located after the verb or after
  the direct object, if there is one.
• They must never be placed between a verb and its
  direct object.
• Examples
• She speaks English well.
• They arrived silently.

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• Place
• Here, there, up, out, down, in, by, near,
  anywhere, somewhere, far, c.
• These adverbs, like the ones of manner, are
  usually placed after the verbs, or after the
  direct object, if there is one. They tell where
  something or a person is, or is going. If there
  is an adverb of manner too, the adverb of place
  comes after it.
• Examples
• They built the house there.
• We couldn't go anywhere.

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• Time
• Now, soon, yet, still, then, today, yesterday,
  c.
• These adverbs are placed either at the beginning
  or at the end of a clause or a sentence and they
  tell us when an action is done.
• Yet should be placed at the end of the sentence
  and still is placed before a verb different than
  to be or after the verb to be.
• Examples
• She came yesterday.
• Then she went to work.
• She hasn't finished yet.
• She is still at work.

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• Frequency
• often, always, ever, never, usually, rarely,
  sometimes, seldom, once, twice, c.
• They are placed after the simple tenses of the
  verb To Be and before the simple tenses of verbs
  different than the verb To Be.
• They are placed after the first auxiliary with
  verbal tenses that have more than one verb.
• Adverbs of frequency are often placed before the
  auxiliary when they are used in emphatic answers
  to questions.
• Examples
• She is always late to class.
• The train rarely arrives on time.
• They have never been abroad.

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Degree Almost, nearly, quite, just, barely,
hardly, too, scarcely, very, rather, fairly,
extremely, c. They can modify either an
adjective or another adverb. These modifiers are
placed before the words they modify. The
underlined ones can also modify verbs. They are
placed before the main verb in simple tenses and
after the auxiliary in tenses of more than one
verb.
Examples The soup is too hot. He knows her
quite well.
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• Interrogative
• Why, what, when, where, how.
• They are generally used in questions to ask the
  reason, the time, the place or the way an action
  is performed.
• Examples
• Why did he come so early?
• When is he leaving?
• Where do you study?
• How long is this road?

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• Relative
• Why, when, where.
• They are generally used to substitute a
  preposition and the relative pronoun which.
• Why
• Why replaces for which and it is used for
  reasons.
• Example
• The reason for which he left The reason why
  he left.
• When
• When replaces in/on which and it is used for
  time.
• Example
• The day on which he comes The day when he
  comes.
• Where
• Where replaces in which and it is used for place.
  
• Example
• The truck in which he moved The truck where
  he moved.

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• Exercises
• Select the appropriate adverb from the list
  below. Some of them could be repeated.
• They did not go _____________ during their
  vacations in Rome.
• They were playing ____________to win the game.
• She was asking about the city ____________she
  went.
• ____________ is the author of this mess?
• The new student is ____________ asking questions.
• He could ____________ answer a question of the
  test.
• He could ____________walk after the accident.
• They will open the exhibition ____________.
• Have you ___________ been to New York?
• I would like to know ___________ he left the
  country.
• She ___________ finished her new novel.
• anywhere somewhere nowhere well bravely
  scarcely badly poorly where why when
  who what always rather very silently
  scarcely yet seldom soon hardly almost
  fairly clearly
• still often ever never almost rarely

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• Put the words in the correct order to form a
  sentence.
• questions carefully. answer must You the
• away didnt when fly He the know would parrot
• along was fast narrow driving old He road the
• the walked slowly The along teacher hall
• The the police and thief caught arrived suddenly
• were silently night They during the working
• was won She when she the fifteen barely medal
• deceive is quite l woman to fool that He
• enough didn't to run the train They reach

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• Prepositions
• Introduction
• Position
• Time
• Time and Date
• Exercises

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• Introduction
• The main objective of this chapter is to study
  prepositions according to their use and the
  position they have in a sentence.
• Prepositions are some of the shortest words of
  the language, but sometimes the most difficult to
  use. They are generally found with a noun or
  pronoun to make a phrase.
• Prepositions are usually placed before their
  nouns or pronouns.
• Examples
• For a month in London at sea
  without food to us with him
• When prepositions are used in defining relative
  clauses, with infinitives or with interrogative
  pronouns they are often moved to the end of the
  sentence.
• In defining relative clauses
• Examples
• The girl to whom I gave the letter.
  The girl I gave the letter to.
• The park in which I played.
  The park I played in.
• With infinitives
• Examples
• A classroom in which to teach.
  A classroom to teach in.
• A park in which to
  play. A park to play in.
• With interrogative pronouns
• Examples

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• Time
• Till and until are used for time but when from is
  omitted only till can be used.
• Examples
• We studied from six to / until ten.
• We studied English till nine.
• From can be used for place or time while since
  can only be used for time.
• Examples
• He ran from 6 to 7.30 a.m.
• She traveled from Rio to Havana.
• She has been traveling since Monday morning.
• For is used for a period of time while since is
  used when there is a definite point of time where
  the action begins and it continues to the time of
  speaking.
• Examples
• for six years for a week for a month
• She has been waiting since he left.
• During is used with known periods of time or
  periods previously defined. It is followed by the
  name of the period or by the, this, that or those.

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• Time and Date
• At is used when it refers to a specific time of
  the day or with a period of time that doesn't
  cover only one day.
• Examples
• At six o'clock at noon at night
  at Christmas
• On is used when it refers to a day only.
• Examples
• on Monday on July 23rd on Christmas
  Day
• In is used when it refers to a period of time.
• Examples
• in August in Summer in the morning
  in 1941

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• Place
• At is used with a small village, an address, a
  certain point as a bridge, a cross-road or a bus
  stop.
• In is used with a country, a town, a forest or
  any enclosed place.
• There is a slight difference between at and in
• At means inside, outside or beside the place
  while in means inside only.
• Either at or in can be used with a building, an
  office, a public place, a river or a sea.
• In is used for location as explained before while
  into is used to indicate entrance with a verb of
  motion.
• Examples
• They are in the kitchen.
• They went into the bedroom.
• She fell into the pool.

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• Exercises
• Write the appropriate preposition in the blanks.
  Some prepositions could be repeated.
• A famous writer wrote a book title "His
  Life" but it was never published. One day when he
  was traveling Madrid
  Barcelona his car crashed another car
  a bridge and fell the river. A
  passer-by who saw the accident save the author's
  life because the writer didn't know how
  swim. As a prove his
  gratitude he invited the man
  dinner _____his home, and as he knew
  he owned his life the passer-by, he
  gave him a copy his book _____ pay
  his life "His Life".

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• Write in each sentence the appropriate
  preposition from the list below. Some
  prepositions could be repeated.
• They studied hard ______7 p.m. ______ midnight.
• My cousins came to stay _____________ telling me.
• They have been living in Portland ___________ ten
  years.
• He traveled ______train ______Ottawa _______North
  Carolina.
• She visited her parents __________ her vacations.
• The ax flew ________ his hand and fell _________
  the river.
• The thief entered _________ the broken window.
• Paul sang a new son ________ the evening concert.
• The noise _______ the motor was heard all
  _________the house.
• She studied English with him __________
  Christmas.
• They waited ______ me ______ I returned.
• She was studying ______ home _______ he came.