Kein Folientitel

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POLLUTION BY XENOBIOTICS BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY
DETECTION OF POLLUTION EFFECTS
Ibon Cancio
2
Alien species
Light Noise Smell
POLLUTION
Toxic compounds
Nutrients
XENOBIOTICS
3
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WATER
- Knowledge of the chemical products in the
environment - Drawbacks
Legal action against polluting factory
Requires selection of substances to be tested,
it is difficult and expensive It has little
biological meaning toxic?
Synergistic, antagonistic effects?
4
BIOMONITORING
- Chemical analysis on biota Mussel watch,
slug watch... Bioaccumulation fraction of
pollutants that is accumulated in biological
tissues - Drawbacks Still need to select
substances Pollutants may not accumulate (be
metabolised) Biological meaning? (does
accumulation relate to a possible impairment of
animal performance?)
Slug Watch
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BIOMARKERS LOOKING FOR BIOLOGICAL ANSWERS
- THE MAIN AIM OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY IS TO
KNOW THE EFFECT OF POLLUTANTS ON POPULATIONS AND
ECOSYSTEMS Can we measure biologically
exposure to chemicals and the effects caused by
them?
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Ecosystem
Biomarkers at different levels of organization
Community
Noise Ecological relevance
Population Organism Physisological Cellular Molecu
lar
Specificity Speed
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BIOACCUMULATION low water pollutant
concentrations may be concentrated in biological
structures
Cd
Biota
Cells
Cellular structures
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MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOMARKERS
DEFINITION alterations at the molecular or
cellular level that indicate exposure to
contaminants and/or injuries induced by them
(McCarthy Shugart, 1990)
- Quick responses that precede answers at higher
levels of biological organization - Quantitative
and qualitative relationships between exposure
and biomarker response
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BIOMARKERS ARE APPLIED ON SENTINEL SPECIES
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CELLS AND TISSUES UNDER STUDY
Those showing high exposure to pollutants,
accumulation rates and responsiveness to
pollutants
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SAMPLING STRATEGIES

Shipyard


River coming from Gernika city

Sampling points
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STRATEGIES ANIMAL TRANSPLANT
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ANALYSIS OF PROTEINS THAT SCAVENGE SPECIFIC
POLLUTANTS OR THAT CHANGE THEIR ACTIVITY UNDER
EXPOSURE
Organophosphorous pesticides inhibit brain
Acetylcholinesterase Organic pollutants induce
enzymes of the detoxification system (CYP450)
Metals induce Metallothionein synthesis in cells
to sequester them
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QUANTIFICATION OF METALOTHIONEIN LEVELS
15
ORGANOTINS inhibit aromatase activity
Antifouling paints
Aromatase
Testosterone
Estradiol
TBT
IMPOSEX, INTERSEX
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IMPOSEX IN THE DOGWELK
Progression of vas deferens and penis growth in a
female dogwelk
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POLLUTANTS ACCUMULATE IN LYSOSOMES
Induce changes in the structure of lysosomes

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MUSKIZ
LIMANI
LSC - FIELD STUDY Aegean Sea / Biscay
Gulf
Polluted site
Reference site
OLYMPIADA
PLENTZIA
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PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION
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PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS
Hypolipidemic drugs and other therapeutic agents
Herbicides
Plasticizers
Steroids
Solvents and lubricants
Food flavors
Natural products
Crude oils and petroleum products
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ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS
Chemical substances that mimic female sexual
hormones Alter sex ratios of wild
populations Impair reproductive performance

Normal testis
Intersex testis
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VITELLOGENIN IN FISH a
biomarker of endocrine disruption
Female gonad
E2
1
Liver
Vtg
2
Male fish exposed to environmental estrogens
express Vtg